Human Anatomy Unit 1 Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of the structure and form of the parts of a living organism (the parts)

Physiology

The study of the function of the parts of an organism (the actions)

Gross

Anatomy studied on a large scale

Histology

Anatomy studied at the tissue level

Cytology

Anatomy studied at the cellular level

Axial

The portion of the body that includes the head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular

The portion of the body that includes the upper and lower limbs

Cranial Cavity

The part of the dorsal cavity that houses the brain

Vertebral Cavity (canal)

The part of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord

Thoracic Cavity

The upper part of the ventral cavity, above the diaphragm, containing the heart and lungs; divided into right and left halves by the mediastinum

Abdominal Cavity

The upper portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, containing organs such as the stomach, liver, and intestines

Pelvic Cavity

The lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, containing organs such as the bladder and reproductive organs

Mediastinum

The central region of the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, that divides the thorax into right and left halves and contains the heart

Viscera

The organs located within the ventral body cavity

Diaphragm

The broad, thin muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal Membranes

The outer layer of a serous membrane; lines the wall of a body cavity

Visceral Membranes

The inner layer of a serous membrane; covers the surface of an organ

Pleural Membranes

The serous membranes that line the thoracic cavity and surround the lungs

Pericardial Membranes

The serous membranes that surround the heart

Peritoneal Membranes

The serous membranes that line the abdominopelvic cavity

Integumentary System

Protects the body, provides sensory reception, releases heat and sweat from blood to help control body temperature

• Organs: skin, hair, nails

Skeletal System

Provides body structure and support, bone marrow makes new blood cells and store lipids

• Organs: bones, cartilage

Muscular System

Allows for movement

• Organs: skeletal muscles, smooth muscles

Nervous System

The control system of the body, stimulates heart rate and controls blood oxygen levels

• Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine System

Circulates hormones around the body to control body functions and maintain homeostasis

• Pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, hypothalamus

Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System

Transports substances (oxygen, CO2, heat, water, nutrients, waste) throughout the body

• Heart, arteries, veins

Lymphatic System

Helps maintain the circulatory system and houses cells responsible for immunity

• Organs: lymph nodes, lymph

Digestive System

Breaks down macromolecules and absorbs necessary nutrients

Organs: stomach, large intestine, small intestine, liver

Respiratory System

The ventilation system of the body; takes in oxygen and release carbon dioxide from the blood

• Organs: lungs, diaphragm, trachea

Reproductive System

Produces offspring and regulates sexual characteristics

• Organs: testes, uterus, and ovaries

Urinary (Excretory) System

Filters waste from the blood, maintains the body’s internal nutrient balance, and rids the body of wastes via the urethra

• Organs: kidneys, urethra, bladder

Abdominal

The region between the thorax and pelvis

Antebrachial

Region of the forearm

Antecubital

Region at the front of the elbow (anterior to the elbow joint)

Axillary

Region of the armpit

Carpal

Region of the wrist

Buccal

Pertaining to the mouth and inner lining of the cheeks

Cephalic

Pertaining to the head

Cervical

Pertaining to the neck

Digital

Pertaining to the finger or toe

Gluteal

Pertaining to the buttocks

Inguinal

Pertaining to the groin

Lumbar

Pertaining to the region of the lower back

Occipital

Pertaining to the lower, back part of the head

Oral

Pertaining to the mouth

Nasal

Pertaining to the nose

Pectoral

Pertaining to the anterior chest

Plantar

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

Sternal

Pertaining to the region in the middle of the thorax (breastbone, sternum)

Tarsal

Pertaining to the ankle or any of the individual ankle bones

Umbilical

Central portion of the abdomen surrounding the navel (belly button)

Superior

Toward the head or upper part of the body (above another body part)

Inferior

Toward the lower part of the body, away from the head (below a body part)

Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body (the side)

Bilateral

Occurring on both sides of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin of a limb/structure

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin of a limb/structure

Superficial

Toward the surface of the organism

Deep

Toward the core or center of the organism

Sagittal

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions

Transverse

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions

Frontal

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Levels of Organization

Atom —> molecule —> macromolecule —> organelle —> cell —> tissue —> organ —> organ system —> organism

Characteristics of Life

Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion = constitutes metabolism

Organ system

• Split into 11 major organ systems

• Main purpose: maintain homeostasis

• Liver: serves functions for multiple systems

Anatomical Position

Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward, and thumbs out

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment, essential to maintaining an organism

• Control mechanism: receptor, set point, control center, and effector

Negative Feedback Loop

Orginal stimulus is reversed

Positive Feedback Loop

The orginal stimulus is intensified