Ch. 2: Theoretical Perspectives & Research

"Sometimes I am helpful like Big Bird, but sometimes I am a grouch, just like Oscar on Sesame Street," explained Olivia. Assuming Olivia learned these behaviors by observing Big Bird and Oscar, you can say that her learning reflects?

Social Cognitive Theory

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences, is known as

Operant Conditioning

A hypothesis is a prediction stated in a way that permits testing.

True

A major criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that cognitive development is more discontinuous than his theory noted.

False

A mother takes her child to the beach on a hot summer day, where she buys her an ice cream cone from a vendor. That evening the child has an upset stomach. The mother says that every time the child eats ice cream she gets a stomachache. The mother needs to be reminded that

Correlation does not prove causation

A researcher finding a correlation above 1.00 can then infer causation.

False

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called

Classical Conditioning

According to Erikson, ___________ development encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others' behavior, and of themselves as members of society.

Psychosocial

According to Freud, everyone's personality has which three aspects?

Id, Ego, Superego

Amy is in a group of participants who were chosen for an experiment; the group she is in would be considered a(n)

Sample

Applied research is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate

Problems

Approaches to the study of cognitive development that focus on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity are called

Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches

Behavior modification is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

True

In order to test the validity of a theory, developmental researchers must

Test it scientifically

In a positive correlation, as one variable increases the other variable

Increases

In a negative correlation, as one variable increases the other variable

Decreases

Hiep explains that the grass is green because all of the pictures have green grass, while his much older brother explains that the amount of light absorbed by the blades of grass determines their color. A researcher interested in the thinking processes in these two answers is most likely demonstrating the

Cognitive Perspective

Four-month-old Annabelle takes her mother's keys and puts them into her mouth, much as she does her pacifier. Annabelle's treatment of the keys demonstrates which concept of Piaget's theory?

Assimilation

Dr. Salahma conducts a study on teenagers and product preference. In his study, he begins with a diverse sample of 13-19 year olds. However, after the first few trials of the experiment many of the 15 year old males in the experiment stop responding to the questions and choose to not participate in a follow up session. Dr. Salahma needs to be concerned about

Selective Dropout

Correlational studies use which of the following to investigate whether certain characteristics of interest are associated with other characteristics?

Survey Research