BIO TEST 2

Blood vessels are organs of the?

Cardiovascular system

Blood vessels form a closed circuit, transporting blood from heart to body to the?

lungs and back to heart

Types of blood vessels are?

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

What are arteries?

Carry blood away from the ventricles to the heart

What are arterioles?

Receive blood from the arteries, and carry it to the capillaries

What are capillaries?

Sites of exchange of substances between the blood and the body cells

What are venules?

Recieve blood from the capillaries and conduct it to the veins

What are veins?

Recieve blood from venules and carry it back to the atria of the heart

Both arteries and arterioles can undergo vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

True

3 layers of tunic include?

Interna media, externa tunica

Arteries are thicker than walls of veins?

True

What are the types of capillaries?

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

Capillaries exchange 3 main things?

O2 and CO2, nutrients~glucose and metabolic byproducts\wastes

Capillaries exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues by?

Diffusion, filtration, osmosis, and transcytosis

Diffusion is the most important method of?

Transfer

What is the method of diffusion?

high to low

o2 and nutrients can move from blood to tissues

Co2 and wastes can move from tissues to blood

What is the method of filtration?

Hydrostatic pressure forces molecules through the membrane

Osmosis method is what?

Osmotic pressure draws water into capillaries

Transcytosis method is?

Used by large substances such as antibodies and lipoproteins

Blood pressure is?

The force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels

Blood pressure usually refers to what?

Pressure in systemic arteries

Where does blood pressure exit?

Through vascular system

Blood moves from what type of pressure?

High to low

Blood pressure is the product of cardiac output and?

Peripheral resistance

Cardiac output is the?

Product of heart rate and stroke volume

Blood pressure rises when?

Ventricles contract and falls when ventricles relax

Vasoconstriction reduces?

arteriole diameter

Vasoconstriction increase peripheral resistance and?

Increase blood pressure

Vasodilation increases arteriole diameter and decreases?

Peripheral resistance and blood pressure

Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood pressure are also regulated by?

Baroreceptor reflexes

Arterial systolic pressure SP is the?

Maximum pressure reached during ventricular contraction

Arterial diastole pressure DP is the?

Minimum pressure remaining before next ventricular contraction

Pulse pressure DP is the?

Difference between systolic and diastole blood pressures

Mean arterial pressure MAP is?

Average pressure in arterial system it represents average force driving blood to the tissues DP+1/3 PP

Blood pressure is stated as a fraction

SP/DP as in 120/80

Stroke Volume is?

Volume of blood that enters arteries with each ventricular contraction 70ml/beat

Cardiac output is?

Volume of blood discharged from a ventricle each minute

CO=SV X HR

CO= 70 ml/ beat x 72 beats / min = 5040 ml/ min

Increases in SV or HR causes increase in

CO increase BP

cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate

True

BP=CO X PR

True

Blood pressure decreases as blood moves through artierial system and its capillary networks so?

Very little pressure remains at venous ends of capillaries

How venous blood returns to heart?

Skeletal muscle contraction, respiratory movements, vasoconstriction of veins

Skeletal muscle contraction is the?

Muscle contractions squeeze veins

Respiratory movements is?

During inspiration as thoracic cavity enlarges pressure falls below abdominal pressure this helps blood flow upward toward heart

Vasoconstriction of veins is?

Under conditions of low blood pressure, sympathetic reflexes causes contraction of smooth muscle in walls of veins

Veins act as?

Blood reservoir can alter capacity to respond to changes in blood volume

Blood in pulmonary arteries and arterioles is low in O2 but high in?

CO2

Gas exchange occurs in pulmonary capillaries for the?

Pulmonary circuit

Blood in pulmonary venules and veins is rich in O2 but low in?

CO2

In the systemic circuit oxygen rich blood moves from?

Left atrium to left ventricle

contraction of left ventricle sends blood into?

Systemic circuit

Major arteries?

Aorta, pulmonary arteries, coronary arteries, carotid arteries, femoral arteries

Major veins.

Superior an inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins, jugular veins, femoral veins

Blood from lower limb drains into deep and superficial group of veins which is?

Deep and superficial

The respiratory system is specialized to bring in?

Oxygen into body and expel carbon dioxide

What consists of the respiratory system?

Passages that filter, moisten, and warm lungs and to air sacs where gases are exchanged

The respiratory system produces what?

Vocal sounds, helps with sense of smell, and helps regulate blood ph

What is the process of respiration?

exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells.

What is required for respiration to produce energy?

Oxygen

What is external respiration?

Ventilation or breathing and allows gas exchange in lungs

What is internal respiration?

Gas transport in blood and exchange with body cells

What is cellular respiration?

Process of ATP production in mitochondria which uses oxygen to harness energy and gives off carbon dioxide

Organs of the respiratory system is in 2 tracts:

Upper and lower

Upper respiratory tract consists of?

nose and nasal, sinuses, pharynx, larynx

Lower respiratory consist of?

Trachea, bronchial tree and lungs

Nose and nasal cavity functions?

Filter, warm, and moisten incoming air

Pharynx function as?

Aids in sound production and passageway for food and air

3 portions of the pharynx:

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx is?

Superior to the soft palate an air passage

Oropharynx is?

posterior to the mouth and inferior to the Nasopharynx a passageway for food and air

Laryngopharynx is?

Inferior to the orgopharynx and continues with the larynx and esophagus

The larynx is the?

Houses vocal cords and moves air in and out of trachea

3 cartilages of larynx:

Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic

The larynx contains 2 pairs of horizontal vocal folds

composed of muscle and connective tissue:

False and true vocal cords

False vocal cords are?

No sound production and help close airway during swallowing

True vocal cords are?

Vocal sounds sounds and Sound created as air is forced between them vibrating them

Trachea is the passageway for?

Air carries to lungs

Bronchial tree is?

Consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in lungs

Branches of bronchial tree are air passages transporting air but not?

performing gas exchange

Alveoli provide surface area for?

Gas exchange

Only structures that contain alveoli can perform gas exchange?

True

What is the function of lungs?

Sites of gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary circuit

During normal resting inspiration the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles p?

Enlarge the size of the thoracic cavity

For inspiration lung expansion is aided by?

Surface tension in the pleural cavity

In inspiration surfactant reduces surface tension in the?

Alveloli to help lung expansion

For maximal inspiration it requires contraction of several other muscles to?

Enlarge the thoracic cavity even more

For expiration that is resting elastic recoil of lung tissue and abdominal organs occurs as?

Tissues return to original shape at end of inspiration

For expiration surface tension develops on the moist surfaces of the?

Alveolar linings and shrinks the alveoli

Normal resting expiration is a passive process that does not?

Involve muscle contraction

Maximal expiration is due to?

Contraction of the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

Increased abdominal pressure forces the diaphragm into a higher position which causes?

Push more air out of lungs