Practicum All Animals - Claire

Sessile

attaching to a surface and not moving

Choanocyte

small flagellated cells that line the interior of the cylinder

Osculum

opening at the top of the sponge

Spongin

flexible protein fibers that make up a simple skeleton

Spicule

tiny, hard particles of calcium carbonate that are shaped like spikes

Filter Feeding

feeding taking food from water

Amoebocyte

cells that move within the body wall to transport nutrients

gemmule

food-filled ball of amoebocytes surrounded by a protective coat

Regeneration

the regrowth of missing cells

Hermaphrodite

produce both egg and sperm

Medusa

bell-shaped

Polyp

vase-shaped

Epidermis

the outer layer of a cnidarian

Gastrodermis

the interior layer of a cnidarian

Mesoglea

a jelly-like substance in between the two layers in a cnidarian

Gastrovascular Cavity

responsible for the digestion of food and transport of nutrients throughout the body

Tentacle

a flexible arm of an animal that is used for grabbing things and moving

Cnidocytes

specialized cells used for defense and capturing prey

Nematocyst

a type of cnidocyte that has a long filament inside of it

Nerve net

a nervous system which allows the organism to respond to specific stimuli immediately

Colloblast

cells that secrete a sticky substance that binds ctenophores' prey

Apical Organ

a sensory structure in ctenophores the enables the organism to sense their orientation in the water

Bioluminescence

a production of light by means of a chemical reaction

Cephalization

the concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism

Pharynx

the muscular tube that leads from the mouth to the gastrovasular cavity in flatworms, in animals with a digestive tract, the passage from the mouth to the larynx and the esophagus

Flame Cell

a cell that has flagella or a cila that moves away products through the body

Cerebral Ganglia

one of a pair of nerve cells clusters that serve as a primitive brain at the anterior end of some invertebrates, such as annelids

Eyespot

an organ that is covered by pigment in some invertebrates and protozoa and that detects changes in the quantity and quality of light

Fission

a form of asexual reproduction and cell division

Flukes

leaf shaped flatworms that parasite many kinds of animals, including humans

Shistosomiasis

a disease that results from eggs that penetrate the walls of veins of the small intestine or urinary bladder and cause tissue damage and bleeding

Tapeworms

a parasitic flatworm, the adult of which lives in the intestine of humans and other vertebrates

Roundworms

parasitic worm often found feeding off dogs and cats

Cuticle

extremely flexible and resistant exoskeleton that allows movement via muscles

Ascaris

a genus of parasitic nematode roundworms

Hookworms

parasitic worm that lives in the small intestine of its host

Trichinosis

a parasitic disease is a result of eating raw or uncooked meat

Pinworm

a type of parasitic worm often found in intestines with unmistakable pin like shape

Filarial Worm

nematodes that transmit a disease called filariasis

Rotifers

make up the phylum of Rotifera

Parthenogenesis

a type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring develops from unfertilized eggs

Visceral Mass

includes the heart and the digestive, reproductive, and excretory organs in mollusks

Head-Foot

head: sensory organs and mouth, foot: muscular organ used for movement

Mantle

layer of epidermis in mollusks

Radula

a tongue-like organ covered in backward facing teeth

Gastropod

one external shell with a head and a radula

Hemolymph

circulatory fluid

Bivalve

two external shells with no head or radula

Incurrent Siphon

the tube in which water enters to meet the gills

Excurrent Siphon

the tube in which water exits the gills

Cephalopod

no external shells with a head and a radula

Chromatophores

pigments located in the outer mantle that allow an organism to produce a sudden change in color

Arthropods

the members of the phylum Arthropoda; jointed foot

Appendage

the jointed extensions that extend from body segments

Compound eyes

eyes made of many individual light detectors, each with its own lens

Molting

the process in which an arthropod periodically sheds its exoskeleton and makes a new one

Exoskeleton

a hard, external, supporting structue that develops from the ectoderm

Crustacean

organims with the only common characteristic of having two pairs of antennae

Arachnids

members of the class Arachnida

Insecta

a class of Arthropoda that have three pairs of mouth organs, breath with trachea, have at least one pair of antenae, and have three pairs of legs and a body segmented into head, thorax, and abdomen

Metamorphosis

a phase in the life cycle of many animals during which rapid change from the immature organism to adult takes place

Pheromone

a substance that is released by the body and causes another individual of the same species to react in a predictable way

Echinoderm

radially symmetrical animals with no head or sign of cephalization

Ossicle

a small bone or bony structure

Water-Vascular System

a hydraulic system that moves the tube feet of a seastar

Tube Feet

the small tubular projections found on the oral face of a sea star

Cardiac Stomach

large anterior foregut

Pyloric Stomach

smaller more ventral stomach

Asteroidea

scientific name of a starfish

Hagfish

a member of the class Myxini that has no salivary glands and mainly feeds on dead fish

Lamprey

a member of the order Petromyzontiformes whish has a toothed funnel sucking mouth that feeds on live prey

External Fertilization

a strategy of fertilization where sperm and egg unite out in the open

Cartilage

a flexible, lightweight material made of cells surrounded by tough fibers of protein

Placoid Scales

small, tooth-like spines that feel like sandpaper

Internal Fertilization

when the fertilization occurs insde of the female's body

Lateral Line

an organ that is unique to fish that allows them to sense vibrations in the water

Gill

internal respiratory organs of fishes

Bone

a material that is "typically heavier than cartilage"

Swim Bladder

a gas-filled sac that is used to control buoyancy

Scales

cover the body of bony fish that protect the fish and reduce friction when swimming

Operculum

a hard plate that opens at the rear and covers and protects the gills

Spawning

refers to the reproductive behavior of fish, in which that produce large amounts of eggs or sperm directly into the water

Anura

an order of modern amphibians commonly known as frogs or toads

Systemic Circulation

carries oxygenated blood throughout the body from the heart, then back to the heart

Pulmonary circulation

a loop of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and back to the heart

Amplexus

once a female approaches the calling male, the male frog climbs on her back and grasps her

Gravid

carrying eggs

Amniotic Egg

encases the embryo in a secure, self-contained aquatic environment

Amnion

a thin membrane containing fluid in which the embryo rests

Yolk sac

a fat-rich food supply to support the developing embryo

Allantois

where the wastes are produced by the embryo

Chorion

surrounds the specialized membranes and protects the embryo

Albumen

stores protein and water needed to nourish the embryo

Keratin

fibrous structural proteins

Feathers

modified scales the serve two primary functions: providing lift for flight and conserving body heat

Wings

a bird's forelimbs

Hollow Bones

thin-walled bones to make a bird lighter than the ones of non-flying birds

Preen Gland

secretes oil for the wings

Proventriculus

the first chamber in a bird's digestive system where acid and digestive enzymes begin breaking down food

Brood Patch

a thickened, featherless patch of skin