CALT Exam Prep

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Strephosymbolia

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means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia.

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phonetics

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the study of speech sounds in spoken language

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268 Terms

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Strephosymbolia

means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia.

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phonetics

the study of speech sounds in spoken language

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phonological awareness

the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels

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phonemic awareness

awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words

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phonics

instruction that connects sounds and letters

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synthetic phonics

explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words

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alphabetic principle

the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters

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consonant

blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed

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vowel

open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract

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phonology

the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language

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fluency

reading with rapidity and automaticity with prosody

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prosody

the rhythmic flow of oral reading

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pragmatics

set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by

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syntax

sentence structure, grammar, usage

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semantics

content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us - meaning

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phoneme

smallest unit of sound in a syllable

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spelling

sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme

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orthography

the spelling of written language

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orthographic memory

memory of letter patterns and word spellings

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metalinguistics

awareness of language as an entity

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guided discovery

a method of leading students to new learning through questioning

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Heuristic

means to discover by demonstration

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grapheme

a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound

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decoding

word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down to determine a word

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blending

fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful units

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reading

symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme

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morpheme

the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc.

Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of morphemes.

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morphology

the study of word formation patterns, meaningful units that make words

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fricative

a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z /

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nasal sound

a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose / n / / m /

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continuant sound

a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f /

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stop consonant sound

a sound obstructed / they must be clipped off / b / / d /

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aspiration

puff of air

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Norman Invasion

1066 A.D., had a great effect on English language, William the Conqueror, French spoken by upper class brought words like furniture, painter, tailor, beef, pork, mutton, Brought monks who added w and u, also the dot for the i and tail for the j. Alphabet complete at 26 letters

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Number words one to a thousand

Anglo-Saxon

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Most of the basic color words

Anglo-Saxon

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The names of farm, forest and ocean animals

Anglo-Saxon

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Outer body parts

Anglo-Saxon

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Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with ck: pick, duck, sack

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with tw: twin, twilight, between

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with wr: write, wring, wrist

Anglo-Saxon

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Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap

Anglo-Saxon

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One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match

Anglo-Saxon

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One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge

Anglo-Saxon

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Short words with th: this, these, bath

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with wh: why, while, when

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot

Anglo-Saxon

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One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow

Anglo-Saxon

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Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen

Anglo-Saxon

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Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind

Anglo-Saxon

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Most pronouns: he, she, us

Anglo-Saxon

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Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin

Anglo-Saxon

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Words with ng

Anglo-Saxon

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Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate

Latin

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Words with ct: act, direct, conduct

Latin

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Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt

Latin

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Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation

Latin

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Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious

Latin

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Words with sion: erosion, collision

Latin

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Words with ssion: passion, expression

Latin

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Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy

Latin

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Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual

Latin

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Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate

Latin

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Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor

Latin

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Words with ular: regular, popular

Latin

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Words with j: joint, journal

Latin

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Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge

Latin

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Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city

Latin

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Words with sc pronounced /s/: science, irascible, scissors

Latin

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Medical , technical and scientific words

Greek

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Words with ph: phrase, graph, phone

Greek

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Words with ch pronounced /k/: choir, ache, orchid

Greek

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Long words with the letter k: kilometer, kinescope

Greek

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Long words or short, unfamiliar words with th: thermos, athlete

Greek

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Words with medial y: cycle, gymnastics, thyme

Greek

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Words related to Olympics: marathon, discus, meter

Greek

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Words related to theater: comedy, tragedy, orchestra

Greek

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Words with rh: rhyme, rhombus

Greek

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Words with ology: biology, theology, astrology

Greek

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Words with silent initial p: pseudonym, psychology

Greek

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Rapid letter naming

key to automatic word recognition

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decoding and encoding

refer to applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning

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recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, and blending sounds into a words

decoding

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Effective handwriting instruction

includes teaching the correct pencil grip and formation of each letter

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McGuffey Readers

Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics" used at the beginning of the 20th Century

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Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method )

Thought that children would make more rapid progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Used from 1930s - 1960s.

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Rudolph Flesch

brought the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s)

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NICHD

Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. (1965)

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"Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall

This book caught the attention of professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis. Children are not learning to read since the look and say method came about. (1967)

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Basal Reading Programs

These programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. (1960s to mid 80s)

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Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith

Developed the Top-Down approach to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out. (1980s)

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G. Reid Lyon

Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985)

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National Reading Panel Report

Produced scientifically based research that demonstrated that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder their enjoyment of reading." (2000)

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Percentage of students in special ed who can't read

85% (NICHD)