Strephosymbolia
means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia.
phonetics
the study of speech sounds in spoken language
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Strephosymbolia
means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia.
phonetics
the study of speech sounds in spoken language
phonological awareness
the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels
phonemic awareness
awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words
phonics
instruction that connects sounds and letters
synthetic phonics
explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words
alphabetic principle
the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters
consonant
blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed
vowel
open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract
phonology
the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language
fluency
reading with rapidity and automaticity with prosody
prosody
the rhythmic flow of oral reading
pragmatics
set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by
syntax
sentence structure, grammar, usage
semantics
content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us - meaning
phoneme
smallest unit of sound in a syllable
spelling
sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme
orthography
the spelling of written language
orthographic memory
memory of letter patterns and word spellings
metalinguistics
awareness of language as an entity
guided discovery
a method of leading students to new learning through questioning
Heuristic
means to discover by demonstration
grapheme
a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound
decoding
word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down to determine a word
blending
fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful units
reading
symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme
morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc.
Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of morphemes.
morphology
the study of word formation patterns, meaningful units that make words
fricative
a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z /
nasal sound
a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose / n / / m /
continuant sound
a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f /
stop consonant sound
a sound obstructed / they must be clipped off / b / / d /
aspiration
puff of air
Norman Invasion
1066 A.D., had a great effect on English language, William the Conqueror, French spoken by upper class brought words like furniture, painter, tailor, beef, pork, mutton, Brought monks who added w and u, also the dot for the i and tail for the j. Alphabet complete at 26 letters
Number words one to a thousand
Anglo-Saxon
Most of the basic color words
Anglo-Saxon
The names of farm, forest and ocean animals
Anglo-Saxon
Outer body parts
Anglo-Saxon
Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work
Anglo-Saxon
Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high
Anglo-Saxon
Words with ck: pick, duck, sack
Anglo-Saxon
Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook
Anglo-Saxon
Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash
Anglo-Saxon
Words with tw: twin, twilight, between
Anglo-Saxon
Words with wr: write, wring, wrist
Anglo-Saxon
Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap
Anglo-Saxon
One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match
Anglo-Saxon
One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge
Anglo-Saxon
Short words with th: this, these, bath
Anglo-Saxon
Words with wh: why, while, when
Anglo-Saxon
Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot
Anglo-Saxon
One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words
Anglo-Saxon
Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow
Anglo-Saxon
Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen
Anglo-Saxon
Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind
Anglo-Saxon
Most pronouns: he, she, us
Anglo-Saxon
Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle
Anglo-Saxon
Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin
Anglo-Saxon
Words with ng
Anglo-Saxon
Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate
Latin
Words with ct: act, direct, conduct
Latin
Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt
Latin
Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation
Latin
Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious
Latin
Words with sion: erosion, collision
Latin
Words with ssion: passion, expression
Latin
Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy
Latin
Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual
Latin
Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate
Latin
Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor
Latin
Words with ular: regular, popular
Latin
Words with j: joint, journal
Latin
Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge
Latin
Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city
Latin
Words with sc pronounced /s/: science, irascible, scissors
Latin
Medical , technical and scientific words
Greek
Words with ph: phrase, graph, phone
Greek
Words with ch pronounced /k/: choir, ache, orchid
Greek
Long words with the letter k: kilometer, kinescope
Greek
Long words or short, unfamiliar words with th: thermos, athlete
Greek
Words with medial y: cycle, gymnastics, thyme
Greek
Words related to Olympics: marathon, discus, meter
Greek
Words related to theater: comedy, tragedy, orchestra
Greek
Words with rh: rhyme, rhombus
Greek
Words with ology: biology, theology, astrology
Greek
Words with silent initial p: pseudonym, psychology
Greek
Rapid letter naming
key to automatic word recognition
decoding and encoding
refer to applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning
recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, and blending sounds into a words
decoding
Effective handwriting instruction
includes teaching the correct pencil grip and formation of each letter
McGuffey Readers
Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics" used at the beginning of the 20th Century
Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method )
Thought that children would make more rapid progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Used from 1930s - 1960s.
Rudolph Flesch
brought the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s)
NICHD
Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. (1965)
"Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall
This book caught the attention of professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis. Children are not learning to read since the look and say method came about. (1967)
Basal Reading Programs
These programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. (1960s to mid 80s)
Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith
Developed the Top-Down approach to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out. (1980s)
G. Reid Lyon
Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985)
National Reading Panel Report
Produced scientifically based research that demonstrated that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder their enjoyment of reading." (2000)
Percentage of students in special ed who can't read
85% (NICHD)