FINAL EXAM HIS 181 Anderson, Renberg

Because there are no written sources.

Why is the Paleolithic era referred to as "pre-history"?

They primarily fed themselves through farming

Which is NOT characteristic of Paleolithic societies?

Bantu

Select the early society that did NOT rely on farming but instead focused on herding and hunting.

cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.

Gilgamesh

A legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories

Hammurabi's code

a set of laws that governed life in the Babylonian empire

lex talionis

eye for an eye

Sargon of Akkad

A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world's first empire.

brahmins

The priest varna of the caste system.

caste

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.

Lawbook of Manu

the first century BCE work that dealt with moral behavior and social relationships was the?

Sanskrit

(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism)

Mohenjo-daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.

Mahabharata

a great Indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India

Upanishads

A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.

"mandate of heaven"

the belief that the Chinese king's right to rule came from the gods

oracle bones

animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future

Book of Songs

the earliest collection of Chinese poetry; it provides glimpses of what life was like in the early Zhou Dynasty

Zhou dynasty

Spanning 1046-256 BCE, was the foundation of Chinese thought formed during this period: Confucianism, Daoism, and Zhou Classics.

Aten

sun god

Bantu

A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.

Kush

an ancient Nubian kingdom whose rulers controlled Egypt between 2000 and 1000 B.C.

Nubians

People south of Egypt that expanded up and conquered Egypt

Osiris

Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead

Queen Hatshepsut

Egyptian queen, she worked to increase trade with places outside of Egypt and ordered many impressive monuments and temples built during her reign.

Tuthmosis III

the most vigorous of all New Kingdom pharaohs was ________, who led his troops into Palestine and Syria and who even received tribute from the Mesopotamian city-states

Meriotic

Nubian scribes, influenced by Egyptian culture, developed this as-of-yet-untranslated script after their capital moved from Napata to Meroë.

Chavín cult

Mysterious but very popular South American religion (1000-300 BCE)

Chichén Itzá

was a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people of the Terminal Classic period

Maya

They settled in the Yucatan Peninsula, not far from the Olmecs. A very cultural and intellectual people who used astronomy to create and very accurate calendar.

Mochica

a society in the Andean valleys, near the Moche River, that left behind a remarkable artistic legacy. They made ceramics that represented gods and everyday life.

Oceania

a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago)

Lapita

The earliest Austronesian migrants to sail out into the Pacific Ocean and establish settlements in Pacific islands.

Popol Vuh

A book containing a version of the Mayan story of creation.

Teotihuacan

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Mo Ti

one of the earliest records about the camera obscura was written by ____ during the fifth century BC

Yin Dynasty

This was China's first dynasty

Period of the Warring States

The period in Chinese history (403-221 BCE) in which many different states emerged and were fighting for control of China.

Legalism

Developed as a response to the chaos of the Period of the Warring states, was a Chinese school of thought that sought to strengthen and expand the state at all costs through the development and ruthless enforcement of a strict legal regimen.

Qin Dynasty

(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief.

Yellow Turban Uprising

The in the late second century C.E. was a particularly serious peasant revolt in China that received its name because of the distinctive headgear worn by the rebels.

Bhagavad Gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.

Gupta dynasty

(ad 320-500)ruled indias golden age in science, art, and literature

Mahayana Buddhism

Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment.

Kushan empire

ruled central asia to northern india, important in spreading budhism to chinese, took control of the trade route that connected india

Alexander of Macedon

Alexander of Macedon

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Delian League

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.

Persian Wars

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

Sappho

was the most famous of the upper-class Greek women authors of the classical era. She composed nine volumes of poetry around 600 BCE, although only fragments of her poetry survive.

Stoics

The most respected and influential of the Hellenistic philosophers were the , who considered all human beings members of a universal family. They did not seek to withdraw from the pressures of the world, but taught that individuals had the duty to aid others and lead virtuous lives.

Thucydides

An early Greek author, wrote a detailed history of the war between Spartans and Athens. This history is one of the earliest historical texts.

Zoroastrianism

a monotheistic Persian religion, developed out of the teachings of Zarathustra sometime between 1000 and 600 BCE.

Achaemenid

The Empire, under rulers like Cyrus and Darius, was known for its administrative organization, religious toleration, and diversity.

Parthian

The Empire was known for its military force, particularly its archers. This allowed this Persian empire to repeatedly stand up to Roman forces.

Augustus

Under him, Rome transitioned from a republic to an empire, entering into the Pax Romana.

Gracchi Brothers

Tiberius and Gaius, worked to limit the amount of conquered land that any one Roman individual could hold; their land reforms eventually led to their assassinations and pointed to the end of the Roman Republic.

Punic Wars

The were a series of conflicts fought between Rome and Carthage; Rome's success in these wars established them as the superpower in the classical mediterranean and helped secure their dominance in trade.

a powerful and dynamic central ruler, religious and cultural toleration, military might, extensive education systems

The most successful classical empires had what things in common:

Buddhism

A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha.

Equal-field system

Developed in Tang China, the governed the allocation of agricultural land, allotting land to individuals and their families according to the land's fertility and the recipients' needs.

Foot binding

Spread during the Song era, involved the tight wrapping of young girls' feet with strips of cloth that prevented natural growth of the bones and resulted in tiny, malformed curved feet. Like the practice of veiling women in Mediterranean and Muslim lands, this practice placed women under tight supervision of their husbands or other male guardians, who then managed the women's affairs in the interests of the larger family.

Heian Japan

was a refined and sophisticated society that drew inspiration from China while elaborating its own distinct political and cultural traditions, such as hand scrolls or emotive poetry. Spanning 794-1185 CE, during this period local rulers on the island of Honshu mostly recognized the emperor as the supreme political authority.

Li Bai

one of the most popular poets of the Tang era, famous for his commentary on Chinese social life

Neo-Confucianism

is a philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought. The most important of the early philosophers of this school of thought was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200).

Samurai

The were professional warriors, specialists in the use of force and the arts of fighting. They served the provincial lords of Japan, who relied on them both to enforce their authority in their own territories and to extend their claims to other lands.

Song dynasty

The spanned the years 960-1279. Innovations developed under this dynasty included the final version of the civil service exams, gunpowder, and the compass. It was marked by an increasingly urbanized and cosmopolitan society.

Wu Zhao

Tang ruler and only woman in China ever to assume the title of emperor

Abbasid dynasty

After a defeat of the Umayyad clan in a massive battle in 750, Abu al-Abbas invited the remaining members of the Umayyad clan to a banquet under the pretext of reconciling their differences. During the festivities, his troops arrested the Umayyads and slaughtered them, effectively annihilating the clan and founding the

Quran

The key sacred text of Islam, the is the Islamic holy book that is believed to contain the divine revelations of Allah as presented to Muhammad. It is divided into Surahs and the only official versions of the text are in Arabic.

Five Pillars of Islam

faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage.

Al-Andalus

refers to Islamic Spain. This kingdom illustrates the far-reaching effects of long-distance trade during the Abbasid era, including the culture and urbanization made possible by the wealth acquired through trade.

schism

generally meaning "break," refers to the mutual excommunication of the Roman Pope and Byzantine Patriarch in 1054 over ritual, doctrinal, and political differences between the two Christian churches

Hadith

The second-most important texts in the Islamic community are known as , sayings attributed to Muhammad and accounts of the prophet's deeds. Several collections of these texts appeared between the ninth and eleventh centuries, and Muslim scholars have often taken them as guides for interpretation of the Quran.

high taxes, military might, a powerful and dynamic central ruler, a stable and merit-based bureaucracy, extensive education systems

The most successful classical empires had what things in common:

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

Ummayad dynasty

first major Islamic caliphate, ruled by the Arab military aristocracy

Bhakti movement

The was a cult of love and devotion that ultimately sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam. It emerged in southern India during the twelfth century, and as the movement spread to the north, it gradually merged Hindu and Muslim beliefs into a single religion.

Dhows

Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.

Junks

Chinese ships, particularly from the 1400s, are often called these. It was a sturdy Chinese ship design and the largest of its kind were treasures ships that could carry a thousand tons of cargo.

Monsoons

seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons

Shiva

A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.

Sufis

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

Sultanate of Delhi

This Muslim and Turkish state, the , claimed authority over all of northern India by the thirteenth century. They maintained control over their territories, despite tensions with their Hindu neighbors, partially through their enormous army and large elephant corps.

Vijayanagar kingdom

Southern Indian kingdom (1336-1565) that later fell to the Mughals.

Asceticism

severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.

Byzantine empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.

Carolingian dynasty

a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father that ruled from 751 to 987

Caesaropapism

relates to the concept of the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emperors, that was central to the church-versus-state controversy in medieval Europe.

Corpus iuris civilis

"Body of Civil Law," Justinian's codification of Roman law

Papacy

Patriarchs

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.

Chinggis Khan

called Temüjin at his birth in 1167, unified the Mongols and, through his military power and political strategy, led the Mongols in the conquest of much of Eurasia during his lifetime.

Khubilai Khan

Reigned in China after establishing the Yuan Dynasty; he actively promoted Buddhism; descendant of Chinggis Khan.

Mongols

The , a nomadic group from the steppes of Mongolia, created the largest empire the world has ever seen- 11 million square miles- within the lifetime of a single man.

Seljuq Turks

Muslim people from central Asia who gained control of Palestine, or the Holy Land to Christians, during the late 1000s

Tamerlane

A descendant of Genghis Khan and of a Seljuk Turkish leader, conquered much of northern India. He had a habit of burning cities to the ground and rebuilding city walls with the skulls of the former inhabitants of the city, as a warning to those who resisted him.

Zheng He

Sponsored by the Ming emperor Yongle, the Eunuch admiral led a series of seven ambitious naval expeditions designed to establish a Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean basin. His voyages demonstrated China's influence in the Indian Ocean basin, and showed the military, diplomatic, and naval power of the Ming dynasty.