chem 1 final 1, 22-23

chemistry is...

the study of properties, composition, and structure of matter and the changes that it undergoes

matter is...

anything that takes up space and has mass

mass is...

how much matter an object contains

volume is...

the amount of 3D space an object occupies

an observation is...

anything detected with the senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste

qualitative data

describes quantities or characteristics, does not include number

quantitative data

describes an object with numerical data

an inference is...

an educated guess based on your observations

all substances are made up of:

matter

physical property

a property that can be measured or observed without changing the identity of matter

physical change

affects the form of a substance but its identity remains the same

chemical property

a property that can be determined by attempting to change the identity of a substance. cant be determined by observation

chemical change

the chemical identity of a substance changes. atoms and molecules rearrange to form new substances

the law of conservation of mass states that...

matter cannot be created or destroyed in either physical or chemical changes

because no atoms are gained or lost during a chemical reaction...

the total mass of the substances involved remains the same

mixture

a blend of two or more pure substances, each of which retain its own identity

homogeneous mixture

a uniform composition throughout

heterogeneous mixture

not uniform throughout

pure substance

made up of a single element or compound, always homogeneous

T/F mixtures can also be substances

false

T/F pure substances cannot be separated by physical means

true

T/F elements can be further separated by physical or chemical means

false

T/F a pure substance that is a compound can be separated chemically

true

T/F the bonds that hold elements together to form compounds can be broken

true

When two atoms are touching, what is holding the atoms together?

chemical bond

can a particle be a single atom?

yes

can a particle be a molecule?

yes

intensive data

a class of parallel computing applications which use a data parallel approach to process large volumes of data typically terabytes or petabytes in size and typically referred to as big data.

extensive data

having a large extent, area, scope, degree, etc.; vast.

An atom is

the fundamental building blocks of matter, they combine to form larger particles of matter

atoms are neutral, positive or negative

neutral

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called the

atomic mass

AMU stands for

atomic mass unit

The AMU is equal to about the mass of a

proton or neutron

what scientist passed an electric charge through a tube to find a buildup of negative charge at one end leading to the discovery of the electron

J.J. Thomson

what scientist used the gold foil experiment to identify the nucleus as positive

Ernest Rutherford

what scientist found out that electrons are stored in levels that release energy if charged

Niels Bohr

what scientist was the first to use the term "atom" as that which cannot be divided

John Dalton

what scientist is credited with the discovery of the nucleus

Ernest Rutherford

what scientist organized the elements in a table based on atomic weights

Dmitri

what scientist found that the world is made up of air, water, earth, and fire

Aristotle

what scientist predicted the elements hundreds of years before they were discovered

Dmitri

what scientist found out that electrons are found in orbitals of different shapes

Bohr

what scientist found out that atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds

Dalton

who made this model

bohr

who made this model

thomson

who made this model

schrodinger

who made this model

rutherford

which two subatomic particles make up an atoms mass

protons and neutrons

which two subatomic particles affect the charge of an ion

protons and electrons

which subatomic particle is also called the atomic number

protons

ion

a particle that is electrically charged; an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons

isotope

one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons

atom

the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element

electron cloud

where the electrons are found, takes up most of an atom's volume, it's mostly empty space

atomic number

the order of an element in Mendeleyev's table of the elements; equal to the number of protons in the nucleus or electrons in the neutral state of an atom of an element

atomos

atoms are uncuttable or indivisible (void)

aristotle

found that matter \= 4 elements: water, earth, air, fire

democritus

everything in the world is made of tiny particles (atomos)

john dalton

matter is composed of atoms, atoms are indivisible and indestructible (debunked), atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and chemical properties (debunked), different atoms combine in whole-number ratios to form compounds, in a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined or rearranged

dmitri mendeleev

organized elements based on their atomic mass

j.j. thomson

discovered the electron, plum pudding model, cathode ray tube

ernest rutherford

nuclear model, proved: nucleus is small, nucleus is positively charged, nucleus is in center of an atom

niels bohr

planetary model (bohr model), electrons organized in the electron cloud - referred to as energy levels

erwin schrodinger

quantum mechanical model, orbitals of different shapes

Periodic law states that...

when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical/chemical properties

Properties of metals:

a type of element that is a good conductor of heat and electric current, malleable, shiny

Properties of nonmetals:

tends to be a poor(non) conductor of heat and electric current, brittle

Properties of a metalloid:

tends to have properties that are similar to those of metals/nonmetals

The main group elements, also called the representative elements are:

the elements in groups 1,2, 13-18. Displays a wide range of physical/chemical properties

Alkali metals

most reactive metals, valence electrons are easy to lose

alkaline earth metals

very reactive, 2 valence electrons

halogens

the most reactive nonmetals, 7 valence electrons are easy to gain

noble gases

unreactive, 8 valence electrons

core electrons

the electrons that are the closest to the nucleus, everything but the valence electrons

valence electrons

the electrons located in the outermost energy levels

effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

the charge that the valence electrons effectively feel from the protons in the nucleus Zeff\=protons-core electrons

the periodic properties of elements are directly related to the \____ experienced bu their \____

effective nuclear charge, valence electrons

atomic radius

one-half the distance between the nucleus of two atoms of the same element

ion

an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge

do atoms gain or lose electrons in order to become a cation?

loses

do atoms gain or lose electrons in order to become a anion?

gains

ionization energy

the energy required to remove the outermost electron from the ground state of a gaseous atom. How hard is it to remove an electron. Larger ionization energy means its more difficult for an electron to be removed.

coulombs law states that the \____ an electron is to the nucleus, the \____ the force of attraction, and therefore the \_________ to remove the electron

closer, stronger, more energy required

electron affinity

the energy change that happens when an atom gains an electron

If atoms have a higher Zeff, do they feel more of a "proton pull"? and what happens to the size?

yes it feels more of a pull, which means the size decreases

what happens to an atom in order to become an ion?

gain or lose electrons, lose of energy levels or gain

what is the trend for nuclear effect charge (Zeff)

increases to the right, increases going down due to more energy levels and attraction and distance, more attraction to the nucleus

what is the trend for atomic radius

increases to the left, increases going down cause they have more energy levels, less Zeff has a larger atomic radius

what is the trend for ionic radius

increases to the right because of the same number of energy levels, more electrons \= repulsion \= larger atom, increases going down cause of more energy levels

larger ions are called what

cations

smaller ions are called what

anions

what is the trend for ionization energy

increases to the right cause of higher Zeff \= higher forces, harder to pull an electron from, increases going up, atoms are smaller and hard to remove

what is the trend for electron affinity

increases towards the right cause of higher Zeff, small atom, more attraction to other electrons, increases going up because atoms get smaller, hard to pull an electron from

Ionic compound

when metals and non- metals form a bond by transferring electron in order to balance their valence shell. the compounds formed by this process are ionic compounds.

What ions are formed by the elements in Groups 1-2, 13-18

1-2: cations 13-18: anions

How do you draw electron dot structures (aka Lewis dot structures)?

draw valence electrons, draw arrows transferring

What happens to the valence electrons during the formation of ionic compounds?

transferred

What is the octet rule?

atoms tend to gain, lose, share electrons to acquire full set of valence electrons

Which type of element forms cations? Which type forms anions?

cations: metals anions: nonmetals