Unit 3: Nationalism, Sectionalism, and the Growth of the Nation

nationalism

pride and love in one’s country

sectionalism

refers to political, economic, and social differences between northern and southern states

steel plow

an agricultural invention that allows to grow more plants

mechanical reaper

allows to harvest crops more quickly

eli whitney

who invented the cotton gin?

cotton gin

removes all of the sharp seeds, leaving clean cotton by itself

samuel b morse

the inventor of the telegraph

telegraph

machine that improves communication (Morse code)

robert fulton

the inventor of the steamboat

steamboat

improves transportation, speed, and distance

railroad

improves transportation, speed, and direction across land

southern economy

still based on plantation agriculture, more dependent on slave labor, and focused on cash crops. cotton is the most sold crop here

king cotton

the southern economy earned this title because of how much money they were earning from selling cotton

cotton gin, indian removal act, invention of steamboat and railroad

what are the three reasons why the southern economy switched to cotton as their main crop?

indian removal act

opens up more land for cotton production

south

by 1860, 70% of the world’s cotton supply comes from the ___

south carolina and mississippi

which two southern states were the wealthiest for selling cotton?

domestic slave trade

excessively selling slaves to make money

work sabotage

this is when the slave owners treat their slaves like children

underground railroad

meant to help slaves run away by a group of slaves

music

used to communicate, teach, and keep the work going

mass production of goods

this is when people are making a lot of products very quickly

factories

most of the wealth is produced by ___

urbanization

there’s a lot of ___ in the North because of the factories

market revolution

more people can buy and sell goods; the north is going to be the center of commerce (business) in the U.S.

francis cabot lowell

invented the single-operator power loom

single-operator power loom

a machine that could make more textiles more quickly to earn more money

massachusetts

the state that Lowell built and everyone that moved there worked at his factories

Lowell mill girls

Lowell mostly hired poor or working-class females to work in his factories. he hired so many women that he was referred to as “___ ___ ___”

represents more money

what were the positives of Lowell hiring mostly women?

pay women less money than men, poor working conditions, meaning working long hours, dark and dirty rooms, and no safety hazards

what were the negatives of Lowell hiring mostly women?

james madison

who was the president of the u.s. during the american system process?

henry clay

a member of the House of Representatives in Kentucky

American System

the creation that Madison and Clay created. the system is also an example of nationalism and the idea of making people wealthier and it makes the decisions permanent

sectionalism

this is going to grow because of the American System plan

protective tariffs

make the northern states happy by having this

tariffs

fancy word for taxes and they are taxes on imports

southern states export more goods than importing and they cost money

why don’t the southern states like protective tariffs?

because they are cheaper

why do Americans encourage people to buy American products?

internal improvements

this is when the federal government is going to increase infrastructure

roads, railroads, canals, and levees

what does infrastructure include?

roads, canals, and levees

what does the South take advantage of when it comes to infrastructure?

railroads and canals

what does the North take advantage of when it comes to infrastructure?

President James Monroe

the last founding fathers president

missouri compromise, 1820

primarily a crisis of sectionalism and political debate between North and South. this state wanted to be admitted as a slave state even though they were in the North

no free territory

what was the problem when it came to Missouri trying to be a slave state?

Henry Clay

who is called the “Great Compromiser” and created the Missouri Compromise?

Maine

which state did Henry Clay create as a free state?

slave states

below the 36-30 degree latitude and longitude line, the south will be…

free states

above the 36-30 degree latitude and longitude line, the north (except Missouri) will be…

Monroe Doctrine

this was a much stronger form of policy than the Neutrality Act. this was also telling the Europeans to “keep out” of the Western Territory

election of 1824

this was when 4 popular people were running to be president and there were no political parties during this time

William Crawford

famous congressman at the time

Andrew Jackson

hero in the battle of new orleans

John Quincy Adams

Founding Father of John Adams

House of Representatives

since nobody wins the majority of the electoral votes, who chooses to be president?

Henry Clay

who is the speaker of the House of Representatives and has to choose who gets to be president?

Andrew Jackson

who won the most votes, but not enough majority of the votes to be president?

John Quincy Adams

who did the House of Representatives choose to be president?

Henry Clay

who does Adams appoint as his secretary of state?

Andrew Jackson

who accuses both Clay and Adams of being thieves and is angry at them?

being elected president

how does Andrew Jackson spend the next 4 years? what is he trying to do?

Jacksonian Democracy

this is when Jackson is going to court people’s votes directly

open ballot

this is when there is no secrecy on who to vote for. everyone tells the person who they are voting for and there’s fraud because people vote more than once, non-citizens as well as immigrants

president andrew jackson

this person only wanted to do what was best for them rather than the people

election of 1828

this was when people helped Jackson win the presidency easily

spoils system

this is when jackson hired people who proved their loyalty to him who are also not as qualified. presidents use this system and value this to themselves rather than the quality

tariff crisis

this was when jackson raised the tariff taxes so high, making some of the states angry

tariff of abominations

the 1832 tariff was so high that people called it the “___ ___ ___”

john c calhoun

who is the vice president during the tariff crisis?

theory of nullifcation

what was the title of calhoun’s book that he wrote?

states are supreme to the federal government and it is the state’s final say on federal law

in calhoun’s book, what was his argument regarding the tariff crisis?

nullify

each state can ___ any federal law it thinks is unconstitutional

south carolina would secede from the U.S. and form their own country

what did south carolina say if they forced them to be part of the tariff?

treason

what did Jackson accuse south carolina of?

burn down buildings and hang him

what did jackson threaten calhoun?

force act

clay passes this law that allows Jackson to use the military to enforce laws that states refuse to obey

indian removal act

required Native Americans who lived in the southeastern states to move to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) because there was more land for them to grow cotton

cherokee nation

these people are going to sue the federal government and say that the law is unconstitutional because they are violating their right to property (5th amendment)

worcester v. georgia

this is when they agreed to the indian removal act violating their right to property

executive branch

which branch does not agree to the indian removal act being a violation to their right to property?

trail of tears

the movement to oklahoma is called the “___ ___ ___” because many people die from this

abolitionist movement

this movement wanted to abolish slavery

economic; political; moral

most abolitionists and Americans see that abolishing slavery is more as a(n) ___ and ___ problem rather than a(n) ___ problem

william lloyd garrison

people saw him as a radical person, says that they have to free the slaves immediately and there needs to be an immediate emancipation, and argues to free slaves AND make them full citizens, even if violence has to come in

the liberator

what was the newspaper william lloyd garrison published called?

the north star

what was the newspaper frederick douglas published called?

frederick douglas

he says that all slaves needed to be freed, but all males needed to be granted citizenship

women abolitionists

this is when women joined this movement and gave public speeches

sojourner truth

she is a runaway slave and makes a unique suggestion, saying that both men and women should be granted equal right to citizenship

elizabeth cady stanton and lucretia mott

these women are the leaders of the women’s rights movement

the seneca falls convention

stanton and mott create this convention and start this movement in new york

the declaration of sentiments and resolutions

what declaration was published at this convention?

to list out women’s non-rights

what was the purpose of the seneca falls convention?

they cannot vote

what is the political issue of women’s non-rights?

careers and education are limited for women

what is the economic issue of women’s non-rights?

women did not have property or divorce rights

what is the social issue of women’s non-rights?

equal

all men and women are created ___

susan b anthony

she becomes the leader of the women’s rights movement after the convention

national women suffrage association

what organization did susan b anthony create?