Notes on Energy, Thermodynamics, and Chemical Kinetics

Comprehensive flashcards covering Energy, Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics, and Chemical Equilibrium concepts including state functions, rate laws, and acid-base theories.

The study of heat changes in chemical reactions is known as __________.

Thermochemistry

In thermodynamics, internal energy ($E$) is defined as the sum of all the __________ and potential energy of the system particles.

kinetic energy

Properties that are determined by the state of a system regardless of how that condition was achieved are called __________.

state functions

A system that allows the transfer of heat energy but not mass is called a __________ system.

close

The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the law of __________, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

conservation of energy

For an expansion process where the system does work against external pressure, the work formula is $w =$ __________.

$$-P_{ext} \times \text{d}V$$

A process that can be halted at any stage and reversed while keeping the system at equilibrium is a __________ process.

reversible

The ratio of the heat added to a sample to the resulting temperature increase at constant volume is called the __________.

heat capacity at constant volume

The thermodynamic property used to describe heat change under constant pressure is __________ ($H$).

enthalpy

A reaction that occurs under a specific set of conditions without outside intervention is called a __________ reaction.

spontaneous

The measure of randomness or disorder of a system is called __________.

entropy

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that every spontaneous process is accompanied by an increase in the entropy of the __________.

universe

The thermodynamic quantity that relates enthalpy, entropy, and temperature is called __________.

Gibbs free energy

For a reaction at constant temperature and pressure, the change in free energy is given by the equation $\text{d}G =$ __________.

$$\text{d}H - T\text{d}S$$

The study of reaction rates and the pathways from reactants to products is called __________.

chemical kinetics

An equation that describes how the reaction rate depends on the concentrations of chemical species is the __________.

rate law

The __________ of a first-order reaction is the time required for the reactant concentration to drop to half of its initial value.

half-life

A __________ reaction is a second-order reaction where one reactant is present in such excess that its concentration appears constant.

pseudo first order

The change in the pathway of a reaction to lower the activation energy is achieved by using a __________.

catalyst

The __________ states that if an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts to partially offset the stress.

Le Chateliers Principle

A __________-__________ acid is defined as a proton ($H^+$) donor.

Bronsted-Lowry

A Lewis base is a substance that donates a(n) __________.

electron pair

The negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration is the definition of __________.

pH

The ionic product constant for water at $25^\text{o}C$ is $K_w =$ __________.

$$1.0 \times 10^{-14}$$

A solution that resists changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base is called a __________ solution.

buffer

The equilibrium between an undissolved solid and its dissolved ions in a saturated solution is described by the __________.

solubility product