Classes of Compounds - Ochem1

Hydrocarbons

compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

alkanes

• cycloalkanes

alkenes

• cycloalkenes

alkynes

• aromatic/ benzene ring

alkanes

single bonds between the carbons

• all carbons are sp3

cycloalkanes: sp3 carbons form a ring

alkenes

double bonds are present in the molecule

• sp2 carbons

cycloalkenes: double bond present in ring

alkynes

triple bonds are present

• sp carbons

Aromatic

Contain a benzene ring

benzene ring: 6 membered ring with alternating single and double bonds.

Alcohols

Contain Hydroxyl group (—OH) as main functional group

R— OH

Ethers

Contain two alkyl groups bonded to an oxygen

R —O— R

• no hydrogen bonding ( low bp than alcohols)

Aldehyde and Ketones

Contain Carbonyl group

C=O

Aldehyde

Carbonyl group- one of R groups is an H

Carbon double bonded to O and bonded to 2 R groups

RCHO

Ketone

Carbonyl group- 2 R groups

carbon double bonded to O and bonded to 2 R groups

RCOR

Carboxylic Acids

Contain Carboxyl group —COOH

Caroboxylic Acid Derivatives

Carboxylic Acid is easily converted to a variety of acid derivatives:

• Acid Chlorides

• Esters

• Amides

Acid Chlorides

R— COCl

Esters

R— COOR

Amides

R— CONH2

Derivatives that result from a combination of an acid with ammonia or an amine

R— CONHR

R— CONR2

Amides have carboxyl group (C=O) unlike Amine

C=O + Ammonia(NH2) or Amine (N)

Compounds Contaning Nitrogen

• Amines

• Amides

• Nitriles

Amines

Alkylated derivatives of ammonia

• nitrogen bonded to one or more carbons.

At least 1 C—N connection:

• R—NH2

• R—NH—R

• R—N(—R)—R

Nitriles

Compound containing a cyano group

Cyano group: C ≡ N

• dipole moment (partial neg N)

• Highly polar solvent

R—C≡N: CH3—C≡N: CH3CH2—C≡N: