6 Bacteria Mechanisms

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Last updated 2:18 AM on 7/24/26
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17 Terms

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B-Lactam Antibiotics

Penicillins, cephalosporins, Carbapenems, monobactams. Bind and inhibit transpeptidases (PBP) in cell wall. Pass through cell wall porins in gram negative cells.

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Glycopeptides

Vancomycin, Teicoplanin. Useful for strep, staph and enterococci. Inhibits cell walls.

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Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim (TMP) + sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase. Synergetic! Synthetic and often for enterobacteriaceae UTIs

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Nalidixic Acid + Fluoroquinolones

Targets type II DNA gyrase + IV topoisomerase enzymes, inhibiting DNA replication. Leads to bacteriostasis

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Rifampin

Interferes w production of mRNA by blocking RNA polymerase

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Aminoglycosides

Irreversibly bind to 30S and prevents docking of aminoacyl-tRNA. Misreading of genetic code

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Spectinomycin

Binds 30S, interfering w stability of peptidyl tRNA by inhibiting elongation factor

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Tetracyclines

Reversible binding to 30S. Doxycycline, minocycline. Inhibits rotation of bound tRNA into A site, premature peptide release

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Macrolides

Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin. Reversibly binds to 50S. Prevents elongation by blocking exit site and preventing ribosome assembly

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Ketolides

Binds to 50S, inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis. Evades Macrolide-resistance mechanisms

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Oxazolidinones

Linezolid. Against gram + by binding 50S subunit and blocking initiation and translation.

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Glycylcycline

Tigecycline. Effective against tetracycline resistance. Wide spectrum. High affinity for 30S

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Acquired Mechanisms

Efflux pumps. Target site modification. Acquisition of new targets. Enzymatic inactivation.

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Plasmids

Carry genes that give advantage to host bacteria. Single can give to many bacteria

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Transposons

Mobile genetic elements. Carry resistance genes + functions as shuttle between plasmids and chromosomes

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Integrons

Genetic elements that capture mobile gene cassettes by site-specific recombination.

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Insertion Sequences

Simple transposable elements. Only code for proteins implicated in the transposition activity