Developmental Psychology: Erik Erikson, Attachment Theory, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Piaget

Flashcards covering Erikson, Bowlby/Ainsworth attachment theory, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, and Piaget concepts

What is the central idea of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Development occurs through eight stages across the lifespan, each with a crisis to master and a virtue that may emerge.

Infancy's basic conflict is __.

Trust vs. mistrust

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson’s first stage; the infant learns whether the world can be trusted to meet basic needs.

What is the crisis and virtue of the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

Identity formation; virtue Fidelity.

Stage and virtue for adolescence in Erikson’s model?

Identity vs. Role Confusion; Fidelity.

What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refer to?

The range between what a child can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more knowledgeable other, with scaffolding.

The Zone of Proximal Development is the distance between the actual development level and the __ development level.

potential development level (as determined through guided problem solving)

What does MKO stand for in Vygotsky's theory?

More Knowledgeable Other.

What does 'monotropy' mean in Bowlby’s attachment theory?

A primary attachment to a single caregiver that is qualitatively different from other attachments.

Name the four attachment styles identified by Ainsworth and colleagues.

Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant, Disorganized.

What is the 'internal working model' in attachment theory?

A cognitive framework of expectations about caregiver availability and responsiveness formed from early experiences.

The Strange Situation is a method to assess __ attachment in 1-2 year olds.

secure (attachment security)

What is the 'secure base' concept?

The caregiver provides a secure base from which the child can safely explore the world.

What did Harlow’s research with monkeys emphasize about attachment?

Emotional/tactile comfort is crucial; attachment is about care and emotional security, not just feeding.

What is 'mentalization' in attachment research?

The ability to understand one’s own and others’ mental states; important for sensitive parenting.

What is the Circle of Security?

A framework linking caregiver responsiveness and child needs to promote secure attachment.

How does Vygotsky view the role of make-believe play?

Imaginative play extends the Zone of Proximal Development and supports self-regulation and language development.

What are the three forms of language in Vygotsky’s theory?

Social Speech, Private Speech, Silent Inner Speech.

What is the primary premise of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Children actively construct knowledge through interaction with their environment, and development occurs in stages.

List Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development in order.

Sensorimotor (birth-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal Operational (12+)

What is object permanence in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

What does 'assimilation' mean in Piagetian terms?

Integrating new information into pre-existing schemas.

What does 'accommodation' mean in Piagetian terms?

Changing existing schemas to fit new information.

What is 'equilibration' in Piaget’s theory?

Balancing assimilation and accommodation to achieve cognitive equilibrium.

What is a 'schema' (or schemata) in Piagetian theory?

Mental structures that organize knowledge and guide thinking.

Which Piagetian stage is characterized by egocentrism and difficulties with conservation?

Preoperational stage.

What is conservation in Piaget’s framework?

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement.

What characterizes the Formal Operational stage?

Abstract and hypothetical thinking; propositional reasoning.

What is Kohlberg’s Stage 5?

Social Contract and Individual Rights.

What is Kohlberg’s Stage 6?

Universal Ethical Principles.

What is the 'moral judgment–action gap'?

Knowing what is right does not always lead to doing it; akrasia; moral reasoning doesn’t always predict behavior.

Who critiqued Kohlberg for focusing on justice to the exclusion of care ethics?

Carol Gilligan.

What is the central idea of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Development occurs through eight stages across the lifespan, each with a crisis to master and a virtue that may emerge.

Infancy's basic conflict is __.

Trust vs. mistrust

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson’s first stage; the infant learns whether the world can be trusted to meet basic needs.

What is the crisis and virtue of the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

Identity formation; virtue Fidelity.

Stage and virtue for adolescence in Erikson’s model?

Identity vs. Role Confusion; Fidelity.

What is a "virtue" in Erik Erikson's theory?

A positive characteristic or quality that emerges successfully from resolving the crisis of a psychosocial stage.

What is the psychosocial crisis during early childhood (ages 3-5) according to Erikson?

Initiative vs. Guilt.

What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refer to?

The range between what a child can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more knowledgeable other, with scaffolding.

The Zone of Proximal Development is the distance between the actual development level and the __ development level.

potential development level (as determined through guided problem solving)

What does MKO stand for in Vygotsky's theory?

More Knowledgeable Other.

What is "scaffolding" in Vygotsky’s theory?

Adjusting the level of guidance to fit a child’s current performance, gradually withdrawing support as the child becomes more skilled.

What does 'monotropy' mean in Bowlby’s attachment theory?

A primary attachment to a single caregiver that is qualitatively different from other attachments.

Name the four attachment styles identified by Ainsworth and colleagues.

Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant, Disorganized.

What is the 'internal working model' in attachment theory?

A cognitive framework of expectations about caregiver availability and responsiveness formed from early experiences.

The Strange Situation is a method to assess __ attachment in 1-2 year olds.

secure (attachment security)

What is the 'secure base' concept?

The caregiver provides a secure base from which the child can safely explore the world.

What did Harlow’s research with monkeys emphasize about attachment?

Emotional/tactile comfort is crucial; attachment is about care and emotional security, not just feeding.

What is 'mentalization' in attachment research?

The ability to understand one’s own and others’ mental states; important for sensitive parenting.

What is the Circle of Security?

A framework linking caregiver responsiveness and child needs to promote secure attachment.

How does Vygotsky view the role of make-believe play?

Imaginative play extends the Zone of Proximal Development and supports self-regulation and language development.

What are the three forms of language in Vygotsky’s theory?

Social Speech, Private Speech, Silent Inner Speech.

What is the primary premise of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Children actively construct knowledge through interaction with their environment, and development occurs in stages.

List Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development in order.

Sensorimotor (birth-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal Operational (12+)

What is object permanence in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

What does 'assimilation' mean in Piagetian terms?

Integrating new information into pre-existing schemas.

What does 'accommodation' mean in Piagetian terms?

Changing existing schemas to fit new information.

What is 'equilibration' in Piaget’s theory?

Balancing assimilation and accommodation to achieve cognitive equilibrium.

What is a 'schema' (or schemata) in Piagetian theory?

Mental structures that organize knowledge and guide thinking.

Which Piagetian stage is characterized by egocentrism and difficulties with conservation?

Preoperational stage.

How does Piaget define "egocentrism"?

The inability to differentiate between one's own perception and the perception of others; seeing the world only from one's own viewpoint.

What is conservation in Piaget’s framework?

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement.

What characterizes the Formal Operational stage?

Abstract and hypothetical thinking; propositional reasoning.

What is Kohlberg’s Stage 5?

Social Contract and Individual Rights.

What is Kohlberg’s Stage 6?

Universal Ethical Principles.

Name Kohlberg’s three levels of moral reasoning.

Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional.

What is the 'moral judgment–action gap'?

Knowing what is right does not always lead to doing it; akrasia; moral reasoning doesn’t always predict behavior.

Who

What is the central idea of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Development occurs through eight stages across the lifespan, each with a crisis to master and a virtue that may emerge.

Infancy's basic conflict is ****__.

Trust vs. mistrust

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson’s first stage; the infant learns whether the world can be trusted to meet basic needs.

What is the crisis and virtue of the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

Identity formation; virtue Fidelity.

Stage and virtue for adolescence in Erikson’s model?

Identity vs. Role Confusion; Fidelity.

What is a "virtue" in Erik Erikson's theory?

A positive characteristic or quality that emerges successfully from resolving the crisis of a psychosocial stage.

What is the psychosocial crisis during early childhood (ages 3-5) according to Erikson?

Initiative vs. Guilt.

What is Erikson's psychosocial crisis for school-age children (6-12)?

Industry vs. Inferiority, aiming to achieve a sense of competence.

In Erikson's theory, what is the primary conflict and virtue during young adulthood?

Intimacy vs. Isolation; virtue Love, focusing on forming deep, meaningful relationships.

What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refer to?

The range between what a child can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more knowledgeable other, with scaffolding.

The Zone of Proximal Development is the distance between the actual development level and the ****__ development level.

potential development level (as determined through guided problem solving)

What does MKO stand for in Vygotsky's theory?

More Knowledgeable Other.

What is "scaffolding" in Vygotsky’s theory?

Adjusting the level of guidance to fit a child’s current performance, gradually withdrawing support as the child becomes more skilled.

What does 'monotropy' mean in Bowlby’s attachment theory?

A primary attachment to a single caregiver that is qualitatively different from other attachments.

Name the four attachment styles identified by Ainsworth and colleagues.

Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant, Disorganized.

What is the 'internal working model' in attachment theory?

A cognitive framework of expectations about caregiver availability and responsiveness formed from early experiences.

The Strange Situation is a method to assess ****__ attachment in 1-2 year olds.

secure (attachment security)

What is the 'secure base' concept?

The caregiver provides a secure base from which the child can safely explore the world.

What did Harlow’s research with monkeys emphasize about attachment?

Emotional/tactile comfort is crucial; attachment is about care and emotional security, not just feeding.

What is 'mentalization' in attachment research?

The ability to understand one’s own and others’ mental states; important for sensitive parenting.

What is the Circle of Security?

A framework linking caregiver responsiveness and child needs to promote secure attachment.

How does Vygotsky view the role of make-believe play?

Imaginative play extends the Zone of Proximal Development and supports self-regulation and language development.

What are the three forms of language in Vygotsky’s theory?

Social Speech, Private Speech, Silent Inner Speech.

What is the primary premise of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Children actively construct knowledge through interaction with their environment, and development occurs in stages.

List Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development in order.

Sensorimotor (birth-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal Operational (12+)

What is object permanence in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

What does 'assimilation' mean in Piagetian terms?

Integrating new information into pre-existing schemas.

What does 'accommodation' mean in Piagetian terms?

Changing existing schemas to fit new information.

What is 'equilibration' in Piaget’s theory?

Balancing assimilation and accommodation to achieve cognitive equilibrium.

What is a 'schema' (or schemata) in Piagetian theory?

Mental structures that organize knowledge and guide thinking.