Biochemistry: Glycolysis

Flashcards covering the biochemical process of Glycolysis, including glucose transport mechanisms (SGLT, GLUT), enzymatic reactions, regulation, and energetic yield.

Glikoliz

The process of breaking down Glukoza to produce intermediate substances and energy, consisting of 10 reactions occurring in the cytoplasm.

SGLT-1

A Sodium depended glucose transporter located in enterocytes (intestinal lumen to enterocyte) and Plexus choroideus (blood to ependymocyte).

SGLT-2

A Sodium depended glucose transporter found in kidney tubular cells that transports glucose from the tubular lumen to the cell.

GLUT-1

A high-affinity glucose transporter located in the blood-brain barrier and erythrocytes that performs basal glucose uptake regardless of blood glucose levels.

GLUT-2

A low-affinity glucose transporter located in gepatotsitlar (liver cells), Pancreas betta-hujayralarida (as a glucose sensor), and the basolateral membrane of enterocytes.

GLUT-3

A high-affinity glucose transporter used for basal uptake, primarily located in neyronlar and the placenta.

GLUT-4

An insulin-dependent glucose transporter found in skeletal and heart muscle cells and adipose tissue (adipotsitlar).

Geksokinaza

The enzyme for the first irreversible reaction of glycolysis that converts Glukoza to $Glukoza\text{-}6\text{ fosfat}$ by using $1\text{ mol ATF}$; it is inhibited by its product.

Geksokinaza IV (Glukokinaza)

A variant found in gepatotsitlar and pancreatic beta cells with low affinity for glucose, active only when glucose concentrations are high.

Fosfofruktokinaza (FFK-1)

The enzyme for the second irreversible reaction that phosphorylates $Fruktoza\text{-}6\text{ fosfat}$ to $Fruktoza\text{-}1,6\text{ bisfosfat}$, using $1\text{ mol ATF}$.

Aldolaza

The enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of $Fruktoza\text{ }1,6\text{ bisfosfat}$ into $Glitseraldegid\text{-}3\text{-}F$ and $Digidroatseton\text{ fosfat}$.

Glitseraldegid-3 F degidrogenaza

The enzyme that oxidizes $Glitseraldegid\text{-}3\text{ F}$ to $1,3\text{-bisfosfoglitserat}$, resulting in the formation of $NADH$.

Piruvat kinaza

The enzyme for the third irreversible reaction (10th reaction) that converts $Fosfoenolpiruvat$ to Piruvat, synthesizing $1\text{ mol ATF}$.

Allosteric Activators of FFK-1

$AMF$ and $Fruktoza\text{-}2,6\text{ bisfosfat}$.

Allosteric Inhibitors of FFK-1

$ATF$ and Sitrat.

Aerob Glikoliz Energetic Value

The net production of $8\text{ ta ATF}$ per 1 molecule of glucose ($-2\text{ ATF}$ used, $4\text{ ATF}$ from substrate-level phosphorylation, and $6\text{ ATF}$ from $2\text{ mol NADH}$ oxidation).

Anaerob Glikoliz Energetic Value

The net production of $2\text{ ta ATF}$ per 1 molecule of glucose because $NADH$ is used to reduce Piruvat to Laktat instead of entering the mitochondria.

Rapoport-Lyubering sikli

A shunt in erythrocytes where $1,3\text{-BFG}$ is converted to $2,3\text{-BFG}$ to regulate oxygen binding to Hemoglobin, bypassing an $ATF$ synthesis step.

2,3-bisfosfoglitserat

A substance formed in erythrocytes that shifts the hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, facilitating oxygen release.

Laktat degidrogenaza

The enzyme that converts Piruvat to Laktat in anaerobic conditions or in cells lacking mitochondria like erythrocytes, consuming $NADH$.