DPT 744 Lecture 1

The skins function is what?

Protection, temp control, and sensation

What are the the 2 layers of the skin?

Epidermis and dermis

What provides protective outer serface (that is tough, horny superficial layer

Keratinized epithelium

Does the epidermis have blood vessels or lymphatics?

NOOO

What is the avascular?

nourishes by underlying vascularized dermis(no or few vessels)

What does the Dense layer of the Dermis contain

Collagen and Elastic fibers

After the Dermis what kind of tissue does it consist of?

(Subcutaneous tissue) loose, fatty connective tissue

The basil layer consist of what?

Epidermis

Deep fascia

form compartment, which helps to stabilize muscular and prevent spread of infection

How does skin thermally regulates through evaperation of water on skin?

Sweat glands

What gland is usually associated with hair follicle and uses oil to keep the skin fresh?

Sebaceous glands

Hair follicles?

Hair grows from the base of a slanted follicle formed by the growth of epidermal cells into the dermis. Each follicle is connected to an arrector pili muscle, which contracts in response to autonomic or sensory stimuli, causing the hair to stand upright.

What is the axial skeleton

Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular skeleton?

Limbs, including formation of pectoral and pelvic girdles

Cartilage

is flexiable, semi rigid form of connective tissue, and forms where more flexibility is requires

what provides smooth, low friction, and gliding surface and is not flexiable

Articular Cartilage

What is avascular (no blood vessles enter) and is important to be compressed and decompressed

Cartilage

What is a hard form if connective tissue

Bone

If it covers bone?

Periosteum

If it covers cartilage?

Perichondrium

What provides attachment for tendons and ligaments

Bones

Tubular in form, femur

Long bones

Cuboidal, ankle wrist

short bones

proective function (ex: skull, scapula, ribs)

Flat bones

Different shapes, vertebrae

Irregular bones

Where tendons cross the ends of bones, protects tendons from exccesive wear

Sesamoid bone (ex Patella)

rounded articular area? (End of the bone and reduces friction between bone that slide past each other to create movement)

Condyle

Ridge of bone(can provide attachments for muscles,ligaments, and other tissue)

Crest

Eminence superior to a condyle(place of attachments for muscles, ligaments, and tendons)

Epicondyle

Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where bone aticulates(help with movement and absorb load)

facet

Passage through a bone(allows spinal cord, nerves and blood vessels to pass through)

Foramen

Hollowed or depresses area

Fossa

Elongated depression

Groove

Linear elevation

Line

Rounded process

Malleolus

Indentation at the edge of a bone

Notch

Projection of bone

Protuberance

Thorn like process

Spine

large blunt elevation(upper part of femur, serves as an attachment point for hip and thigh muscles)

Trochanter

small raised eminence

Tubercle

Large rounded elevation (deltoid)

Tuberosity

What begins to ossify at 8 weeks

Humerus

When does ossification complete itself in the humerus?

20 years old

All bones are derive from what?

Mesenchyme (embryonic connectife tissue)

What are the 2 processes of the bone ossification?

Intramembranous and Endochondral ossification

Intramembranous Ossification

Known as membranous bone formation

Endochondral Ossification

Known as cartilaginous bone formation

What oasses through the periosteum via nutrient foramina?

Nutrient arteries

Skeletal joints are recognized by their what?

1. Fibrous

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial

1. Fibrous Joints

united by fibrous tissue

- sutures(skull)

- Syndesmosis type (keep bone together)

2. What is united by hyaline or fibrocartilage

Cartilaginous Joints

- Hyaline (particular cartilage)

- Fibrocartilage ( more motions)

3. What are the 4 Characteristcs of the Synovial Joints (CAFS)

1. Cavity

2. Synovial membrane and fuid

3. Articular cartilage

4. Fibrous capsule

What joint is gliding over the other (carpal bone)

Plane or gliding

what joint allows rotation (ex: Atlanto-axial joint)

Pivot

The fibrous capsule is strength by ligaments what are they?

1. Intrinsic ligaments (between carpal bones)

2. Extrinsic ligaments (between carpals and metacarpals)-outside wrist

3. Intra-articular (in knee joint)

4. Extra-articular (out the knee joint)

What cartilage is found lining articular surfaces; nasal septum, tracheal rings

Hyaline

What cartilage is found in the ear and epiglottis, is rigid

Elastic

What cartilage is found in intervertebral discs and often occurs where tendon and ligament are joined to bones

Fibrocartilage (allows more motion)

What arise from vessels around the joint?

Articular arteries

How do arteries form networks to ensure a blood supply in any position is assumed by the joint?

Anastomose

What communicated to the veins that accompany arteries?

Articular veins

what arise from branches of cutaneous nerves suppying overlying skin?

Articular nerves

What law states nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments

Hilton’s Law