bio unit 2 terms

macromolecules/polymers

big molecules

big 4 macromolecules

proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids

organic chemistry

study of carbon containing compounds

carbon skeleton

a bunch of carbon bonded together with unbonded electrons that can attach to other atoms

carbon

foundation for big 4 macromolecules

tetravalence

the ability for 4 unbonded electrons to make 4 bonds

covalent bonds

only types of bonds that bond atoms to the carbon backbone

carbon ring

circle of carbon with open bonds on the outside

functional groups

atoms binding to the carbon backbone with unbonded electrons, not molecules until binded to backbone

ketone and aldehyde

types carbonyl that bond to different parts of the carbon backbone

monomers

small molecules

make carbs

fructose, glucose, galactose

make nucleic acids

nucleotides

make lipids

fatty acids

make proteins

amino acids

metabolism

all the chemical reactions going on in your body at a time

exergonic/catabolic

type of reaction where macromolecules are broken down and energy is released

hydrolysis reaction

type of reaction where water is added to a large molecule to break it into monomers

endergonic/anabolic

type of reaction where energy is required to build macromolecules

dehydration reaction

type of reaction where water is taken away to combine monomers

nucleic acids

class of macromolecules (DNA and RNA)

purines

two-carbon nitrogen ring bases that make up DNA and RNA (adenine and guanine)

pyrimidines

one-carbon nitrogen ring bases that make up DNA and RNA (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)

nucleic acid function

transmission and storage of genetic information, protein synthesis, and gene regulation

monosaccharides

carb monomers, simple sugars

chitin

crunchy carb that makes up bug shells

nucleic acid examples

DNA and RNA

carbohydrates

polysaccharies

carb functional groups

hydroxyl and carbonyl

nucleic acid functional groups

phosphate group, amino group, hydroxyl, carbonyl (ketone)

carb functions

primary energy storage, form structures like cell wall and chitin, and allow cells to communicate

types of lipids

triglycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids, and steroids

triglycerides structure

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

triglycerides functional groups

carboxyl

triglyercides function

secondary energy storage, cushion and protect internal organs, insulation to regulate body temperature

nonpolar

triglycerides polarity

glycolipids polarity

amphipathic (1 polar end 1 nonpolar end)

glycolipids structure

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and mono or polysaccharides

glycolipids functional groups

carboxyl and carbonyl

glycolipids functions

cell communication, blood type, chemical mesengers

phospholipids polarity

amphipathic

phospholipids structure

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group

phospholipids functional group

carboxyl and phosphate

phospholipids functions

form basic structure of the cell membrane

steroids structure

steroid nucleus (4 fused rings)

steroids functional groups

anything that attaches to the nucleus

steroids functions

makes cell membranes less flexible (cholesterol), bile salts that break down fat, vitamin d that keeps bones together

protein structure levels

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

primary protein structure level

every protein must have

secondary protein structure level

coils and folds (alpha helix or beta pleated sheet)

tertiary protein structure level

3D structure (folds in on itself)

quaternary protein structure level

other chains are added to the polypeptide chain in a protein are what level

protein structure

amino acids (functional groups in each)

protein functional groups

carboxyl and amino

protein function

muscles (actin/myosin), collagen, keratin, homeostasis (insulin=protein hormone), antibodies, enzymes (biological catalyst)

enzyme function

catalyze/speed up biochemical reactions by acting upon substrates

active site

part of the enzyme that the substrate binds to that undergoes the reaction, a function of the polypeptide's complex tertiary structure

enzyme makeup

many amino acids

cleft/pocket

made up by the active site part of the enzyme where the substrate molecule(s) are drawn

substrate molecules

chemicals an enzyme acts on that are drawn to the cleft of the enzyme

catabolic reaction

single substrate molecule is drawn to the active site, chemical bonds break to split the substrate into 2 molecules

catabolic reaction energy

they release energy, they’re exergonic

anabolic reaction

2 substrate molecules drawn into the active site, chemical bonds are formed that made the 2 substrate molecules become a single molecule

anabolic reaction energy

they need energy, they’re endergonic

how enzymes function

all reactions need to raise the energy of the substrate to occur

activation energy

the amount of energy required to raise the energy of the substrate to an unstable transition rate

how enzymes lower activation energy

enzymes go into the substrate or adding charges/straining the substrate so bonds are destabilized and the substrate is more reactive

induced fit model

current model of enzyme function where the enzyme shape changes when the substrate fits into the cleft, reactants become bound to the enzyme by weak chemical bonds

saturated fatty acids

no double bonds from carbon, the max number of H are bonded (unhealthy, stick to arteries)

unsaturated fatty acids

double bonds between 2 or more carbons, there’s less H (healthy)

saturated enzyme

when a set number of enzymes is working as hard as it can, so the reaction rate stays constant

things that affect enzyme reaction rate

temperature and pH (optimal for each)

denaturation

an enzyme’s reaction rate is set to 0, there’s no active site

competitive inhibitors

molecules that aren’t usually found in an orgasm that are similar enough to the substrate for a particular enzyme’s active site and slow or stop reaction rate

allosteric regulation

how our cells activate enzymes as needed

allosteric molecules

molecules that are similar to competitive inhibitors, but they’re good because they make sure enzymes are used when they’re needed