(CIE A2 biology) Homeostasis - diabetes + glucose testing
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15 Terms
Diabetes Mellitus
A chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin production issues or cellular response to insulin.
Type 1 Diabetes
An autoimmune form of diabetes where the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, often genetically influenced.
Type 2 Diabetes
A non-insulin dependent form of diabetes where cells become less responsive to insulin, often acquired during one's lifetime.
Hyperglycemia
A condition of elevated blood glucose levels, commonly associated with diabetes.
Extreme Consequences
Severe complications of uncontrolled diabetes include limb amputations, kidney failure, and blindness.
Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
Factors include obesity, lack of exercise, high-sugar diets, genetic predisposition, and family history.
Common Treatments
Treatments for diabetes include insulin injections, pancreas transplants, and islet cell transplants.
Glucose Reabsorption
Normally, glucose from meals is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, resulting in urine without glucose.
Diabetic Urine
In diabetes, excess blood glucose leads to glucose in urine, increased thirst, and frequent urination.
Keto-Acid Levels
Slower cellular glucose uptake in diabetes increases cellular keto-acid levels, lowering pH.
Urine Testing
Urine tests can diagnose diseases, confirm pregnancies, and detect drug misuse through metabolic waste analysis.
Dipstick Testing
Urine dipstick tests use glucose oxidase and peroxidase enzymes to measure urine sugar levels, indicating diabetes if glucose exceeds 180 mg/dL.
Color Change in Dipsticks
Higher glucose levels result in darker dipstick colors due to the formation of a brown compound from peroxidase activity.
Biosensors
Digital testing devices for diabetes that use pads releasing glucose oxidase via electric current for glucose measurement.
Electrode Calibration
Electrodes in biosensors detect electric currents and calibrate them against known glucose concentrations for accurate readings.
