Physiology Quiz #2

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57 Terms

1

what is a local grated membrane potential?

stimulus/signal causes a change in membrane potential in a dendrite (gated channels signaled to open)

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2

Threshold potential

threshold or trigger zone or membrane potential that a cell must reach to send the action potential

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3

Excitatory signal

a signal that brings you closer to the threshold

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4

inhibitory signal

signal that brings you further from the threshold

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5

Ionotropic receptors are…

ligan gated ion channels, and membrane potential changes

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6

Metabotropic receptors are…

not ligan gated ion channels, can change gene expression, enzyme activity, and ion movement

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7

____ action potential frequency _____ neurotransmitters in the synapse, thus ______ signal strength

higher, increases, increasing

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8

what determines the absolute refractory period?

the duration that the inactivation gate stays closed

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9

what limits action potential frequency?

inactivation gate on the voltage gated ion channel

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10

What is the absolute refractory period?

the time after the start of an action potential that another action potential cannot be initiated, (inactivation gate stays closed until the end of this period)

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11

What is the relative refractory period?

time from the end of the absolute refractory period to the resting membrane potential

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12

what is (EPSP)?

Excitatory post-synaptic potential: causes post-synaptic cell to have an increase in membrane potential

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13

what is (IPSP)?

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential: causes the post-synaptic membrane potential to decrease

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14

myelin sheath is made up of…

glial cells

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15

Glial cell types (group 1)

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)

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16

oligodendrocytes can myelinate_____ axons

multiple

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17

schwann cells can myelinate ____ axon

one

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18

purpose of myelin on axons

to increase the speed of an action potential

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19

glial cell type (group 2)

Astrocyte (CNS) and Satellite (PNS)

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20

what do astrocytes and satellites do?

support cells neurons by helping to get nutrients to the neuron

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21

glial cell type (M)

Microglia (CNS)- clear out extra protien in extracellular fluid

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22

glial cell types (ep)

Ependymal cells (CNS)- circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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23

2 parts of the nervous system

Afferent (receiving signals) and Efferent (sending signals)

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24

2 parts of efferent nervous system

Somatic (motor) and Autonomic

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25

2 parts of autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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26

sympathetics characteristics and actions

higher heart rate, higher blood pressure, higher ventilation, dilated pupils, “fight or flight”, blood towards heart liver and muscles

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27

parasympathetics characteristics and actions

lower heart rate, lower blood pressure, lower ventilation, higher gut motility, constricted pupils, “rest and digest”

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28

what is conduction speed?

speed of an action potential being pushed down the axon

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29

fast conduction speed=

low ratio of (intracellular resistance)/(membrane resistance) * ease of going down axon, less leaks out

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30

slow conduction speed

high ratio of (intracellular resistance)/ (membrane resistance) *harder for the positive charge to go down the axon, more leaks out

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31

2 mechanisms that have increased conduction speed

  1. big axons (increase of diameter has lower intracellular resistance)

  2. Myelinated axons (insulation increases conduction speed)

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32

nodes of ranvier

gaps in between myelin for the ion channels on the axon

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33

What is a ganglion?

cluster of nerve cells in the PNS, act as a relay station

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34

what kind of receptor binds with Acetylcholine in the post-ganglionic cell of the parasympathetic pathway?

Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor (ionotropic)

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35

what kind or receptor binds with acetylcholine on the target cell in the parasympathetic pathway?

Muscarinic Acetyl choline receptor (metabotropic)

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36

what is released by the pre-ganglionic cell in the sympathetic pathway?

acetylcholine

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37

which receptor binds with acetylcholine in the post-ganglionic cell in the sympathetic pathway?

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (ionotropic)

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38

what is released by the post-ganglionic cell in the sympathetic pathway?

norepinephrine

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39

what receptors bind with norepinephrine in the sympathetic pathway?

alpha or beta adrenergic receptors (metabotropic)

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40

where does the pre-ganglionic cell synaps in the adrenal medulla sympathetic pathway?

within the adrenal medulla

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41

what is released by the pre-ganglionic axon in the renal medulla?

Acetyl choline

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42

What types of cells make up the adrenal medulla?

Chromaffin cells (modifed post-ganglionic neurons)

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43

why can’t chromaffin cells synapse with a target cell?

because they dont have an axon

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44

what is released by the chromaffin cells in the renal medulla sympathetic pathway?

the hormone epinephrine

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45

What is the structural difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine?

epinephrine has an extra acytl group

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46

3 muscle types

smoothe, cardiac, skeletal

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47

Cytoskeleton cells are made of…

microfilaments (actin filaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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48

muscles use ___ and ___ to generate force

actin and myosin

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49

which type of myosin is most common in muscles?

Myosin II

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50

Actin and Myosin Generate force through the ______

sliding filament model

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51

Step 1. of the actin filament model

ATP binds to myosin causing myosin to release actin

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52

Step 2. of the actin filament model

Myosin hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and Pi causing the myosin head to extend and rebind actin

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53

Step 3. of the actin filament model

myosin releases Pi causing a power stroke

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54

Step 4. of the actin filament model

ADP is released making room for the subsequent ATP

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55

Temporal summation

integration of several signals in quick succesion

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56

spacial summation

integration of multiple signals received simultaneously at different dendrites

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57

Action potential

an electrical signal propogated down the axon

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