Topic 6: Sudden Death and Management of Shock

These flashcards cover the important concepts related to the management of shock and sudden death, including types of shock, emergency protocols, cardiac conditions, and first aid procedures.

What does shock refer to in a medical context?

A state of collapse and failure of the cardiovascular system in which blood circulation decreases.

What can lead to hypoperfusion?

Inadequate tissue perfusion resulting from uncontrolled hemorrhage, inadequate oxygenation, mechanical obstruction, neurologic dysfunction, or cardiac dysfunction.

Name the types of shock.

Hypovolemic, distributive, septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic, psychogenic, cardiogenic, obstructive.

What does perfusion signify?

The delivery of blood and oxygen to all the cells in the body tissues and organs.

What causes hypovolemic shock?

Resulting from inadequate blood volume due to hemorrhage or other fluid losses.

What are signs of shock?

Hypotension, increased heart rate initially then weakness, labored breathing, pale/cool skin.

What is the first step in managing a patient presenting with shock?

Recognize the state of shock.

How long can the brain survive without oxygen?

4 to 6 minutes.

What is anaphylaxis?

A sudden release of mast cell and basophil-derived mediators causing an exaggerated immune response.

What are common causes of anaphylaxis?

Food allergies, medication reactions, insect or animal stings.

What is the ABCDE method in treating anaphylaxis?

Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure.

Which age group is most likely to experience commotio cordis?

Adolescent boys.

What factors can contribute to cardiac sudden death?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, coronary anomalies, aortic rupture, and myocarditis.

What should you do if someone is unresponsive and not breathing?

Call 9-1-1 and start CPR immediately.

What is the role of an Automated External Defibrillator (AED)?

To analyze heart rhythm and deliver defibrillation if necessary.

What are some cardiac conditions that can lead to sudden cardiac death?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome.

What is the normal range for blood pressure?

Less than 120/80 mm Hg.

What is the difference between a heart attack and cardiac arrest?

A heart attack is a circulation problem; cardiac arrest is an electrical problem.

What should be done for a person who is fainting?

Check for breathing; if absent, perform CPR and call 9-1-1.

How can cardiac conditions in athletes be prevented?

Pre-participation screenings, monitoring symptoms, and family history evaluation.

What does the acronym RAB-CAB stand for?

Responsive, Activate EMS, Breathing, CPR, Airway, Breaths.

What are common signs of stroke?

Facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty.

What is the purpose of the Cincinnati Stroke Scale?

To identify strokes based on facial movement, arm strength, and speech.

What immediate action should be taken if someone has a seizure?

Protect the person from injury and time the seizure duration.

What constitutes a prolonged seizure?

A seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes.

What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A temporary decrease in blood supply to the brain causing symptoms that resolve within 12 hours.

What should you do if someone is choking?

Encourage coughing if mild, or perform back blows and abdominal thrusts for complete obstruction.

How should an unresponsive choking infant be treated?

Perform back blows and chest thrusts while ensuring the infant's head is supported.

What is the protocol for post-resuscitation care?

Monitor for signs of return of spontaneous circulation and place the patient in recovery position.

When should an AED be used?

When a person is unresponsive and pulseless.

What immediate care should be administered for suspected cardiac arrest?

Call 9-1-1 and begin CPR.

What are the signs of a heart attack?

Chest pain, shortness of breath, cold sweat, fatigue.

What are signs of arrhythmia?

Palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, chest pain.

What is a common cause of myocarditis?

Viral infection.

What are the emergency management steps for a person in shock?

Establish airway, maintain oxygen delivery, control hemorrhage, initiate fluid resuscitation.

What aspect of sports medical training is emphasized?

High-quality CPR, defibrillation, and advanced care.

What is the estimated risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in NCAA athletes?

1 in 43,348 for males and 1 in 164,504 for females.

What are the two main types of strokes?

Ischemic and hemorrhagic.

What immediate action should be taken for a suspected stroke?

Call 9-1-1 and keep the person calm.

What is the most common cause of exercise-related cardiac arrest in young athletes?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

What should be monitored in a person that has fainted?

Breathing, pulse, and responsiveness.

What does the term 'ventricular depolarization' refer to?

The process by which the ventricles of the heart contract.

What is the significance of documenting a patient's symptoms beforehand during CPR?

It helps guide future medical action and informs EMS personnel.

What do you do if you see someone experience a seizure?

Move away dangerous objects and protect their head.

What complicates the assessment of cardiac conditions in athletes?

Symptoms can mimic those of non-cardiac events.

What should you never put in the mouth of a person having a seizure?

Any object; it can cause injury.

How does fatigue relate to cardiac conditions?

It can be a sign of inadequate blood flow to the heart.

What factors complicate the prediction of sudden cardiac death in athletes?

Diverse symptoms and aberrant vascular responses.

What cardiac condition is characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

What common ages are affected by anaphylaxis?

Any age, but most commonly seen in adolescents.

What are the red flags for anaphylaxis?

Cyanosis, respiratory distress, and unresponsiveness.

What common medications are used during cardiac emergencies?

Aspirin, nitroglycerin.

What is a sign of successful CPR?

The patient begins to breathe or has a palpable pulse.

What are the first signs of a stroke?

Face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty.

What is the emergency care protocol for an unresponsive person?

Activate EMS, check for breathing, and perform CPR.

What are the signs of complete airway obstruction in a choking person?

Cannot breathe, talk, or cough effectively.

Define hyper-perfusion.

An increase in blood flow to an organ or tissue, which can be harmful.

What are factors affecting survival after cardiac arrest?

Time to defibrillation, quality of CPR performed.

What is the most effective initial response for a conscious person choking?

Encourage them to cough.

What indicates that CPR should be initiated?

Unresponsiveness and absence of breathing.

How do you assist someone having a heart attack?

Activate EMS, monitor vitals, administer aspirin if appropriate.

Define seizure management protocols related to head trauma.

Stabilize the neck and activate EMS if there is head trauma.

What is the best preventative measure for SCD in athletes?

Regular screening and monitoring of athletes' health.

What steps should be taken prior to defibrillation?

Ensure clear and no movement around the patient.

How should CPR compressions be performed?

With firm pressure at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute.

What should be monitored after AED shock delivery?

Response and ability to breathe.

What is typically the first step in an emergency action plan?

Recognize the emergency and activate EMS.

What should be checked if a patient experiences dizziness?

Heart rate and blood pressure.

What are common treatments for a cardiac arrest?

CPR and defibrillation using an AED.

What are some signs of hypotension?

Weak pulse, dizziness, and fainting.

What is the role of airway management in emergency care?

To ensure adequate ventilation to the patient.