Reproduction, preconception, conception and the fetus

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/54

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Flashcards about reproduction, preconception, conception and the fetus.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

55 Terms

1
New cards

Ovaries

Female gonads that produce female sex cells (ovums or oocytes) through oogenesis and female sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone).

2
New cards

Fallopian tubes

Link the ovaries to the uterus, with fimbriae to assist ovum movement.

3
New cards

Uterus

Hollow cavity consisting of the fundus, body, and cervix, where implantation typically occurs.

4
New cards

Cervix

Connects the uterus to the vagina, consisting of the cervical canal (internal os and external os).

5
New cards

Perimetrium

Outer layer of the uterus.

6
New cards

Myometrium

Thick smooth muscle layer of the uterus responsible for uterine contractions.

7
New cards

Endometrium

Inner mucosal layer of the uterus; thickness depends on the menstrual cycle stage.

8
New cards

Uterine supports

Cardinal, pubocervical, round, uterosacral, broad, and ovarian ligaments.

9
New cards

Vagina

Fibromuscular canal extending from the vulva to the uterus, providing a passage for menstrual blood and semen.

10
New cards

Vulva

Describes all of the structures that make the female external genitalia

11
New cards

Mons pubis

Anterior to the pubic bone, made up of fat and usually covered in pubic hair

12
New cards

Labia majora

Larger lips. Homologous to the scrotum in males

13
New cards

Labia minora

Smaller lips. Homologous to the penile urethra and part of the penis' skin in males

14
New cards

Clitoris

A sensory, sex organ highly innervated by nerves and blood vessels. Homologous to the glands penis in males

15
New cards

Naegele's Rule

A calculation that estimates the expected date of birth by adding 9 months and 7 days to the first day of the woman's last normal menstrual period.

16
New cards

Testes

Located in the scrotum and produce testosterone, which stimulates sperm production.

17
New cards

Scrotum

Fleshy sac that holds the testicles and maintains them at a temperature lower than 37 degrees Celsius.

18
New cards

Epididymis

Tube coiled on the posterior surface of each testis where sperm complete their maturation and are stored.

19
New cards

Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)

Extends from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal and contracts during ejaculation.

20
New cards

Urethra

Passage for both urine and semen.

21
New cards

Seminal Vesicles

Secrete fructose to provide an energy source for sperm and alkalinity to enhance sperm mobility.

22
New cards

Bulbourethral Glands

Located below the prostate gland and empty into the urethra, helping to neutralize the acidic vaginal pH.

23
New cards

Prostate Gland

Muscular gland that surrounds the first inch of the urethra and contracts during ejaculation.

24
New cards

Semen

Milky fluid released with ejaculation containing sperm and seminal plasma.

25
New cards

Menstrual cycle

Monthly reproductive cycles in women controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) hormones.

26
New cards

Ovarian cycle

Follicular/Preovulatory phase, Ovulation/Ovulatory Phase, Luteal phase/ Postovulatory phase

27
New cards

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Maintains corpus luteum, detected in pregnancy test, associated with pregnancy induced nausea.

28
New cards

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Stimulates release of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland

29
New cards

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Maturation of graafian follicle which then produces oestrogen

30
New cards

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Maturation of graafian follicles leading to ovulation

31
New cards

Gametes

Gametes are the sex cells better known as the sperm and ovum

32
New cards

Zygote

The result of fertilization, a single-celled pre-embryo.

33
New cards

Morula

At about the 16-20 cell stage

34
New cards

Gastrulation

Process of formation of the disc through differentiation from other cells that give rise to other structures

35
New cards

Ectoderm

Outer embryonic layer that develops into the epidermis of the skin and the nervous system.

36
New cards

Mesoderm

Middle embryonic layer that gives rise to muscles, bones, connective tissues, and the peritoneum.

37
New cards

Endoderm

Inner embryonic layer that becomes the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

38
New cards

Implantation

The process of the blastocyte implanting into the uterine lining

39
New cards

Embryo

Three layers cells differentiate into: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm which eventually develop into the different systems of the body

40
New cards

Viability

The capability of an independent existence outside the woman's uterus.

41
New cards

Gestational age

Refers to the age of the pregnancy i.e. from the first day of the last menstrual cycle to the current date

42
New cards

Teratogen

Is an external agent that the mother may be exposed to during her pregnancy, which can cause a birth defect

43
New cards

Ductus venosus

allows for blood to bypass the liver

44
New cards

Foramen ovale

the opening in the septum between the right and left atria

45
New cards

Ductus arteriosus

situated between the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch

46
New cards

Umbilical Vein

carries oxygenated blood from the placenta

47
New cards

Umbilical Arteries

carry deoxygenated blood back to the placenta

48
New cards

Newborn circulation

Increased systemic vascular resistance with separation from the low-resistance placental vasculature

49
New cards

Closure of right-to-left shunts Foramen ovale

Closes when left atrial pressure greater than right atrial pressure- with the newborn's first breath and exposure to increased O levels causing increased blood flow to the lungs

50
New cards

Ductus arteriosus in Newborn

left-to-right flow within minutes of ventilation, then closure over days due to a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance, increasing systemic vascular resistance and sensitivity to a rise in arterial PaO2 levels. The birth of the placenta decreases prostaglandin levels which usually assists in maintaining ductal patency further influencing closure

51
New cards

Regions of the fetal skull

face, brow (sinciput), vertex, occiput

52
New cards

Bones of the Vault (Fetal Skull)

Occipital bone at the posterior part of the head partly contributing to the base of the skull, Parietal bones x 2 either side of the skull. Once ossified = parietal eminences, Frontal bones x 2 shape the forehead/sinciput, ossifying to form the frontal eminence of each bone. By eight years of age the 2 bones have fused to be one, Upper segment of the temporal bone on both sides of the head and part of the vaults structure.

53
New cards

Sutures of the Fetal Skull

lambdoid (or lambdoidal) suture that separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones, sagittal suture that lies between the two parietal bones, coronal suture separating the two frontal bones from the parietal bones, passing from one temple to another, frontal suture separates the two frontal bones

54
New cards

Moulding of the Fetal Skull

Is used to describe the change in shape of the fetal head that takes place during its passage through the pelvis and birth canal during labour/birth

55
New cards

Fontanelles of the Fetal Skull

anterior (Bregma) - diamond or kite shaped which closes at approximately 18 months of age, the posterior (Lambda) - small, triangular shape which closes at approximately 6 weeks of age