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Flashcards about reproduction, preconception, conception and the fetus.
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Ovaries
Female gonads that produce female sex cells (ovums or oocytes) through oogenesis and female sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone).
Fallopian tubes
Link the ovaries to the uterus, with fimbriae to assist ovum movement.
Uterus
Hollow cavity consisting of the fundus, body, and cervix, where implantation typically occurs.
Cervix
Connects the uterus to the vagina, consisting of the cervical canal (internal os and external os).
Perimetrium
Outer layer of the uterus.
Myometrium
Thick smooth muscle layer of the uterus responsible for uterine contractions.
Endometrium
Inner mucosal layer of the uterus; thickness depends on the menstrual cycle stage.
Uterine supports
Cardinal, pubocervical, round, uterosacral, broad, and ovarian ligaments.
Vagina
Fibromuscular canal extending from the vulva to the uterus, providing a passage for menstrual blood and semen.
Vulva
Describes all of the structures that make the female external genitalia
Mons pubis
Anterior to the pubic bone, made up of fat and usually covered in pubic hair
Labia majora
Larger lips. Homologous to the scrotum in males
Labia minora
Smaller lips. Homologous to the penile urethra and part of the penis' skin in males
Clitoris
A sensory, sex organ highly innervated by nerves and blood vessels. Homologous to the glands penis in males
Naegele's Rule
A calculation that estimates the expected date of birth by adding 9 months and 7 days to the first day of the woman's last normal menstrual period.
Testes
Located in the scrotum and produce testosterone, which stimulates sperm production.
Scrotum
Fleshy sac that holds the testicles and maintains them at a temperature lower than 37 degrees Celsius.
Epididymis
Tube coiled on the posterior surface of each testis where sperm complete their maturation and are stored.
Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
Extends from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal and contracts during ejaculation.
Urethra
Passage for both urine and semen.
Seminal Vesicles
Secrete fructose to provide an energy source for sperm and alkalinity to enhance sperm mobility.
Bulbourethral Glands
Located below the prostate gland and empty into the urethra, helping to neutralize the acidic vaginal pH.
Prostate Gland
Muscular gland that surrounds the first inch of the urethra and contracts during ejaculation.
Semen
Milky fluid released with ejaculation containing sperm and seminal plasma.
Menstrual cycle
Monthly reproductive cycles in women controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) hormones.
Ovarian cycle
Follicular/Preovulatory phase, Ovulation/Ovulatory Phase, Luteal phase/ Postovulatory phase
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
Maintains corpus luteum, detected in pregnancy test, associated with pregnancy induced nausea.
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates release of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Maturation of graafian follicle which then produces oestrogen
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Maturation of graafian follicles leading to ovulation
Gametes
Gametes are the sex cells better known as the sperm and ovum
Zygote
The result of fertilization, a single-celled pre-embryo.
Morula
At about the 16-20 cell stage
Gastrulation
Process of formation of the disc through differentiation from other cells that give rise to other structures
Ectoderm
Outer embryonic layer that develops into the epidermis of the skin and the nervous system.
Mesoderm
Middle embryonic layer that gives rise to muscles, bones, connective tissues, and the peritoneum.
Endoderm
Inner embryonic layer that becomes the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
Implantation
The process of the blastocyte implanting into the uterine lining
Embryo
Three layers cells differentiate into: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm which eventually develop into the different systems of the body
Viability
The capability of an independent existence outside the woman's uterus.
Gestational age
Refers to the age of the pregnancy i.e. from the first day of the last menstrual cycle to the current date
Teratogen
Is an external agent that the mother may be exposed to during her pregnancy, which can cause a birth defect
Ductus venosus
allows for blood to bypass the liver
Foramen ovale
the opening in the septum between the right and left atria
Ductus arteriosus
situated between the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch
Umbilical Vein
carries oxygenated blood from the placenta
Umbilical Arteries
carry deoxygenated blood back to the placenta
Newborn circulation
Increased systemic vascular resistance with separation from the low-resistance placental vasculature
Closure of right-to-left shunts Foramen ovale
Closes when left atrial pressure greater than right atrial pressure- with the newborn's first breath and exposure to increased O levels causing increased blood flow to the lungs
Ductus arteriosus in Newborn
left-to-right flow within minutes of ventilation, then closure over days due to a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance, increasing systemic vascular resistance and sensitivity to a rise in arterial PaO2 levels. The birth of the placenta decreases prostaglandin levels which usually assists in maintaining ductal patency further influencing closure
Regions of the fetal skull
face, brow (sinciput), vertex, occiput
Bones of the Vault (Fetal Skull)
Occipital bone at the posterior part of the head partly contributing to the base of the skull, Parietal bones x 2 either side of the skull. Once ossified = parietal eminences, Frontal bones x 2 shape the forehead/sinciput, ossifying to form the frontal eminence of each bone. By eight years of age the 2 bones have fused to be one, Upper segment of the temporal bone on both sides of the head and part of the vaults structure.
Sutures of the Fetal Skull
lambdoid (or lambdoidal) suture that separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones, sagittal suture that lies between the two parietal bones, coronal suture separating the two frontal bones from the parietal bones, passing from one temple to another, frontal suture separates the two frontal bones
Moulding of the Fetal Skull
Is used to describe the change in shape of the fetal head that takes place during its passage through the pelvis and birth canal during labour/birth
Fontanelles of the Fetal Skull
anterior (Bregma) - diamond or kite shaped which closes at approximately 18 months of age, the posterior (Lambda) - small, triangular shape which closes at approximately 6 weeks of age