Unit 2 AP Human Geo Vocab

Population Distribution

where people live in a geographic area

Climate

the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area

Temperate Climates

a climate with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts

Migration

the permanent movement of people from one place to another

Population Density

the number of people occupying a unit of land

Arithmetic Density

the total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density

Physiological Density

the total number of people per unit of arable land

Arable Land

land that can be used to grow crops

Agricultural Density

the total number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Subsidence Agriculture

an agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and the livestock

Carrying Capacity

the maximum population size an environment can sustain

Dependency Ratio

the number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (ages 15 to 64), multiplied by 100

Demographics

data about the structures and characteristics of human populations

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

Infant Mortality Rate

the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births

Life Expectancy

the average numbers of years a person is expected to live

Population Pyramid

a graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population

Rate of Natural Increase

rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate

Doubling Time

the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double

Urbanization

urban growth and development

Overpopulation

a term used to describe the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life

Neo-Malthusian

describing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

a model that represents the shift in growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

a model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death

Antinatalist

describing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth

Pronatalist

describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth

Land Degradation

long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life

Mobility

all types of movement from one location to another.

Emigration

movement away from a location

Immigration

movement to a location

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration 1-4

1. Migration is typically over a short distance, 2. Migration occurs in a series of steps, 3. Long distance migration tends to go to urban areas, 4. Rural residents are more likely to move than urban residents

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration 5-8

5. Women more often migrate inside their own country and men migrate outside of the country, 6. Most migrants are young adult males, 7. Every migration creates a counter flow of some sort, 8. Migration is mostly due to economic causes

Net Migration

the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or country

Gravity Model

a model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton's law of universal gravitation

Push Factor

negative cause that compels someone to leave a location

Pull Factor

a positive cause that attracts someone to a new location

Voluntary Migration

type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place

Forced Migration

type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors

Internal Migration

a movement within a country's borders

Transnational Migration

international migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin

Transhumance

the movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter

Chain Migration

type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there

Step Migration

a series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination

Intervening Obstacle

an occurrence that holds migrants back

Guest Worker

a migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor

Refugee

a person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death

Asylum Seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being a refugee or having refugee status

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country's borders

Human Trafficking

defined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)"

Repatriate

to return to one's home country

Interregional Migration

movement from one region of a country to another

Intraregional Migration

movement within one region of a country

Quota

limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year

Remittance

money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country

Brain Drain

the loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another—often richer—country

Relocation Diffusion

the spread of culture traits through the movement of people

Ethnic Enclaves

a cultural landscape within a community of people outside of their area of origin

Thomas Malthus (Malthusian Theory)

population will grow exponentially while agricultural productivity will grow at a linear rate, and that this would lead to a starvation pandemic

Fertility Rate

the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime