Reading1

What is psychology defined as?

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.

Who is considered the first person to be referred to as a psychologist?

Wilhelm Wundt.

What does the term 'introspection' refer to in psychology?

Introspection is the examination of one’s own conscious experience.

What are the two major areas of psychology that Wilhelm Wundt and William James are credited with founding?

Structuralism (Wundt) and Functionalism (James).

What is the main focus of behaviorism?

Behaviorism focuses on observing and controlling behavior rather than studying consciousness.

What did Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasize?

The role of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences in human behavior.

What psychological perspective emphasizes the potential for good in all humans?

Humanism.

Who developed the hierarchy of needs?

Abraham Maslow.

What is the cognitive revolution?

The cognitive revolution marked the return to understanding mental processes as a key aspect of psychology.

What type of research method involves detailed examination of individuals over time?

Case studies.

What is the purpose of Institutional Review Boards (IRB)?

To review research proposals involving human participants for ethical considerations.

What does random assignment in research help prevent?

Systematic differences between experimental and control groups that could influence results.

Name a primary ethical guideline for research involving human participants.

Participants must provide informed consent before participating.

What is the placebo effect?

The influence of participants' expectations on their experience or outcome of a treatment.

Define operational definition in research.

An operational definition describes how researchers will measure variables.

What are independent and dependent variables?

The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is measured to determine the effect of that manipulation.

What is a common method for analyzing relationships between variables in psychology?

Correlation analysis.

Why is correlation not the same as causation?

Correlation indicates a relationship but does not demonstrate that one variable causes the other.

What is an example of a confounding variable?

A variable that potentially influences both the independent and dependent variables, which may obscure the results of the study.

What is the significance of statistical analysis in experimental research?

Statistical analysis helps determine whether the results are significant or due to chance.

What does ethical research involving animal subjects require?

Approval from an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and humane treatment of animals.

What does longitudinal research study?

Longitudinal research studies the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period.

Define empirical research.

Empirical research is based on observable and measurable evidence.