AP Euro Ch. 26 Terms

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

Little Entente

This alliance joined Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia against defeated and bitter Hungary. France was also closely associated with this alliance

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Treaty of Locarno

Guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Great Depression

The economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

John Maynard Keyes

Economist agreed that massive government spending could help a collapsing economy and encouraged more private spending and the production of goods and services.

Popular Front

Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group

The New Deal

The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reform introduced during the 1930s by President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Mohandas Gandhi

Great leader from India who used non-violence to protest for independence, gender equity, and peaceful conflict resolution

Totalinarianism

Extreme form of nondemocratic rule that seeks to transform the fabric of society based on a certain ideology.

Benito Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)

Fascio de Combattimento

Mussolini's group. It laid the foundations for fascism. Although it received little attention, political stalemate and strong national sentiment saved it.

Squadristi

This extreme group of Italian Fascist were known for their black shirts and their brutality towards anyone whom they perceived as a threat to Fascism.

The Blackshirts

Italy's elite storm troops of World War I, the Fascist Blackshirts were organized by Benito Mussolini as the military tool of his political movement

Weimar Republic

The new German republic the in 1921 owed 33 billion annually to the allied reparations commission. In order to recover from its severe economic issues the annual fees were reduced each year depending on the level of German economic prosperity and Germany received large loans each year from the United States.

Adolf Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Nazis

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule. (786)

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Fuhrerprinzip

The leadership principle, it entailed nothing less than a single-minded party under on leader. The Nazi party has to follow it. By Hitler: "A good National Socialist is one who would let himself be killed for his Fuhrer at any time."

The Enabling Act

When the Nazis gained a majority, Hitler passed this, which gave him the right to rule by decree for the next 4 years; all aspects of Weimar government were overturned

Aryanism

Hitler's perfect person that he tried to make in all of Europe and all other races were considered inferior

Hitler Jugend

Hitler Youth. This organization became a very important means of bringing young people into the Nazi Party. After 1933, the Hitler Youth became a key Nazi youth movement, which every young German was required to join.

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

War Communism

The political idea that applied the total war concept on a civil conflict

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Five-Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)

Stakhanov Cult

Stressed high level of achievement. To inspire and pacify workers stressed need for sacrifice to create a new socialist state. The story of a coal miner who mined 102 tons of coal in one shift.

Collective Farms

Large Farms, no private ownership, purpose to increase agricultural output; huge failure-famine

Spanish Civil War

A conflict form 1936 to 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces

Birth of a Nation

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Dopolavaro

Mussolini Italy created it as a vast national recreation agency. Responsible for establishing clubhouses with libraries, radios, auditoriums, travel agencies,and athletic facilities. Brought culture and leisure the govt had control of them.

The Decline of the West

A novel published by Oswald Spengler that quickly became an international sensation. The book was based upon Western Civilization in Spengler's opinion.

Married Love

England, Marie Stopes, emphasized sexual pleasure in marriage

Surrealism

An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images

Bauhaus School

Under Gropius, German, School of architecture that brought together modern architecture - glass and steel

Degenerate Art

What Hitler and the Nazis called the modern art of that age. They also called it "Jewish art."

Socialist Realism

Artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation

Ernest Rutherford

British physicist (born in New Zealand) who discovered the atomic nucleus and proposed a nuclear model of the atom (1871-1937)