Contemporary Issues in Clinical Psychology FLASHCARDS (2)

Flashcards covering key vocabulary related to contemporary clinical psychology, including activities, ethical principles, training models, licensure, and current issues, based on lecture notes from Douglas College PSYC 4375 by Stephen Rochefort, Ph.D., R.Psych.

Specialized Areas of Clinical Psychology

Includes Neuropsychology, Forensic psychology, and Health psychology.

Clinical Interviews

A tool or technique used in psychological assessment to gather information directly from a client.

Standardized Tests

A tool or technique used in psychological assessment, designed to be administered and scored in a consistent manner.

Individual Therapy

A key responsibility in intervention, involving one-on-one sessions between a client and a psychologist.

Group Therapy

A key responsibility in intervention, involving multiple clients participating in therapy together.

Family and Couple's Therapy

A key responsibility in intervention, focusing on relational dynamics and communication within families or couples.

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A therapeutic tool and technique that focuses on modifying dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors.

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)

A therapeutic tool and technique often used for Borderline Personality Disorder, combining cognitive-behavioral techniques with mindfulness.

Psychodynamic Therapy

A therapeutic tool and technique that explores unconscious psychological processes, addressing past experiences and their influence on present behavior.

Humanistic Therapy

A therapeutic tool and technique emphasizing personal growth, self-actualization, and the importance of free will.

Mindfulness-Based Techniques

Therapeutic tools and techniques that involve focusing on the present moment and observing thoughts and feelings without judgment.

Psychotherapy

An effective intervention for treating a wide range of psychological problems.

Prescription Privileges

The ability of clinical psychologists to prescribe medication to patients.

Patrick H. DeLeon

A former president of the APA who advocates for the movement toward allowing psychologists to prescribe medication.

Morgan T. Sammons

A widely recognized expert of psychopharmacology and one of the first psychologists who took part in a pilot program for psychologists prescribing medication.

Robert McGrath

A prominent director and former president of the Society for Prescribing Psychology who advocates for the movement toward allowing psychologists to prescribe.

States Allowing Prescription Privileges for Psychologists

New Mexico, Louisiana, Illinois, and Idaho.

Prevention (Clinical Psychology)

A key responsibility in clinical psychology involving identifying risk factors, developing preventative programs, education, awareness, policy advocacy, research, and evaluation.

Psychoeducation

A tool or technique in prevention that involves educating individuals about mental health and well-being.

Clinical Consultation

The provision of information, advice, and recommendations about how to best assess, understand, or treat a client.

Organizational Consultation

Services provided to an organization focused on developing a prevention or intervention program, evaluating services, or offering opinions on health care policies.

Research (Clinical Psychology Activity)

A key responsibility of clinical psychologists that includes informed research consumption, designing studies, conducting research, disseminating findings, translating research into practice, and collaborating with other researchers.

Practicum

The initial supervised training in the provision of psychological services that is a requirement of the doctoral degree, usually completed part-time.

Internship/Residency

The period of supervised training in the provision of psychological services that is a requirement of the doctoral degree, usually completed over one-year, full-time.

Administration (Clinical Psychology)

Extensive activities clinical psychologists are involved in, such as maintaining a private practice, bookkeeping, supervising personnel, committee work, and management roles.

Ethical Principles (CPA)

Foundational ideas about how to think and behave ethically, including respect for dignity of people, responsible caring, integrity in relationships, and responsibility to society.

Informed Consent

An ethical principle to ensure that the person who is offered services or who participates in research understands what is being done and agrees to participate.

Ethical Principles

Abstract ideas about how to think and behave ethically.

Ethics Codes

Written documents that attempt to reflect ethical principles, providing guidelines for professional conduct.

Educational Ethics Codes

Ethics codes that aim to teach ethical thinking rather than just listing specific dos and don'ts.

Prescriptive Ethics Codes

Ethics codes that list common 'dos' and 'do nots' for specific situations.

CPA Code of Ethics (Canadian)

A unique ethics code developed from international and interdisciplinary literature, using empirical methods, and embedding an explicit model of ethical decision-making with differentially weighted principles.

Principle 1: Respect for the Dignity of Persons (CPA Code)

Refers to the innate worth of each person, regardless of ethnicity, gender, religion, or sexual orientation, and takes priority over the other three principles.

Principle 2: Responsible Caring (CPA Code)

Requires acting in a way that benefits clients and does no harm, relating to professional competence, and takes priority over Principles 3 and 4.

Principle 3: Integrity of Relationships (CPA Code)

Expects psychologists to act with integrity to maintain public confidence, encompassing honesty, maximizing objectivity, and minimizing bias, taking priority over Principle 4.

Principle 4: Responsibility to Society (CPA Code)

Expects psychologists to conduct themselves in ways that promote the welfare of society and contribute to knowledge, but never takes priority over an individual client's welfare.

Self-Care (Ethical Requirement)

An ethical requirement for psychologists to be aware of their own limitations in functioning and how they might impact clients. (Stressors, Confidence, Mental Health Limits, etc)

What are the education and training requirements for a Clinical Psychologist? (5)

• Doctoral Degree

• Completion of Master’s thesis and Doctoral dissertation

• Practicum experience in program

• 1 year, full time internship

• Speciality tracks

What are the 3 models of training for Clinical Psychologists?

• Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model

• Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model

• Clinical Scientist Model

Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model

A training model conceptualized in 1949 that emphasizes both clinical practice and research, typically leading to a PhD, with graduates capable of producing and using empirical evidence.

What is a requirement for graduates taking the Scientist-Practitioner Model route?

Graduates should be able of producing research and using empirical evidence to guide clinical services

Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model

A training model created in 1973 that emphasizes clinical practice over academic research, typically leading to a PsyD, with graduates becoming informed consumers of research.

What is a requirement for graduates taking the Practitioner-Scholar Model route?

Graduates become research consumers who are informed by science in their provision of service but do not need the skills to conduct research

Clinical Scientist Model

A training model conceptualized in the 1990s that emphasizes research and science more than clinical practice, typically leading to a PhD from programs focused on strong scientific research and evidence-based methods.

What is the requirement for graduates in the Clinical Scientist Model route?

Graduates should be able to contribute to the knowledge base of psychology and related disciplines

What is the main difference between the Boulder and Vail Model?

Boulder requires the graduates to produce research whereas Vail does not

Doctorate of Psychology (PsyD)

A doctoral degree that emphasizes clinical practice rather than academic research.

Academy of Psychological Science (APS)

An organization founded by Richard McFall and other leaders of clinical psychology graduate programs that promoted clinical science.

Accreditation (Clinical Psychology Programs)

A process designed to ensure that training programs maintain standards that meet the profession's expectations for the education of clinical psychologists.

APA Accreditation

The accreditation process for training programs developed by the American Psychological Association.

CPA Accreditation

The accreditation requirements established by the Canadian Psychological Association for PhD and PsyD programs in Canada.

Licensure (Clinical Psychology)

The process of regulation to ensure minimal requirements for academic and clinical training are met and that practitioners provide ethical and competent services, protecting the public.

Jurisprudence Exam

A component of licensure that tests knowledge of local laws and ethical codes applicable to psychology practice.

Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP)

A standardized examination covering various areas of psychology, required for licensure in many jurisdictions.

Continuing Education (Licensure)

Ongoing learning activities required to maintain a psychology license.

Mutual Recognition Agreement (Canada)

An agreement between ten provincial licensing associations, plus the government of NWT, covering core competencies required for licensure.

Core Competencies (Licensure)

Key areas of professional skill required for licensure, including interpersonal relationships, assessment & evaluation, consultation & intervention, research, ethics, and supervision.

Telepsychology

The use of technology, particularly the Internet, to provide clinical services.

Manualized Therapy

Therapeutic approaches that follow a structured guide or manual to minimize variability among therapists.

Therapy Manual

A tool used to keep variability among therapists to a minimum so that if a technique proves effective, it can be shared in exact, unambiguous terms.

Exposure and Response Prevention

A manualized, tested therapy specifically for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

Overexpansion of Mental Disorders

A criticism suggesting that a larger percentage of the population can be diagnosed with a mental disorder due to new disorders or lowered diagnostic bars in diagnostic manuals like the DSM.

Third-Party Payment

A strategy for payment where clients use their health insurance (at least partially) to pay for therapy, involving an insurance company.

Health Insurance/Managed Care

A system where a third party (an insurance company) affects payment structures and potentially the provision of therapeutic services.

Self-Pay

A payment method where the client makes direct out-of-pocket payments for psychological services.

Multiculturalism

The influence of culture and diversity, often referred to as the 'fourth force' in psychology.

Fourth Force (Psychology)

A term used to describe multiculturalism's significant impact on psychology, following psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism.

Cultural Competence (Clinical Psychology)

The ability to understand and respect diverse cultural backgrounds, values, and practices to provide effective and sensitive care.

Confidentiality

An ethical principle requiring clinical psychologists to keep client information private.

Duty to Warn/Tarasoff Case

A legal and ethical principle requiring psychologists to warn potential victims if a client expresses a serious intent to harm them, stemming from the Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California case.

Multiple Relationships (Dual Relationships)

An ethical concern where a psychologist has more than one relationship with a client, potentially compromising objectivity or risking exploitation.