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Coping
Cognitive, behavioral, and emotional ways of managing stress.
Problem-focused coping
Tackling the stressor directly.
Emotion-focused coping
Managing emotional responses.
Avoidant coping
Ignoring or avoiding the stressor.
Proactive coping
Preventing future stressors.
Rumination
Repetitive negative thinking about stressors.
Emotional cascade
Heightened emotional distress due to rumination.
Self-efficacy
Belief in one's ability to handle situations.
Resilience Factors
Positive emotions, social support, meaning-making.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Lower SES linked to greater stress and fewer resources for coping.
Buffering Hypothesis
Social support protects against stress effects.
Direct Effect Hypothesis
Social support benefits health at all times.
Emotional Disclosure
Expressing emotions to reduce stress.
Relaxation response
Deep breathing, reducing stress response.
Diaphragmatic breathing
Controlled breathing to induce relaxation.
Progressive muscle relaxation
Tension-release exercise.
Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management (CBSM)
Combines cognitive restructuring and behavioral techniques.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
Meditation-based stress management.
Biological Embedding
How early life stress impacts biological systems long-term.
Health Behaviors
Actions taken to maintain or improve health.
Health Belief Model (HBM)
Change occurs if perceived benefits outweigh costs.
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
Behavioral intention influenced by attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control.
Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)
Motivation and volition phases.
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
Stages of change (precontemplation → maintenance).
Levels of Prevention
Primary: Preventing disease (e.g., vaccines). Secondary: Early detection (e.g., screenings). Tertiary: Managing disease (e.g., rehabilitation).
U.S. Health Insurance
Uninsured individuals: More likely to be low-income, unemployed, or marginalized.
Gain-framed messages
Highlight benefits of behavior.
Loss-framed messages
Emphasize costs of not acting.
Fear appraisals
Most effective when moderate fear is used.
Fear appraisals
Most effective when moderate fear is used and clear actions for reducing risk are provided.
Community-Based Interventions
Most effective when culturally tailored and accessible.
Precede/Proceed Model
Steps for planning health interventions.
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions
Includes stimulus-control intervention, self-monitoring, contingency contracting, and relapse prevention.
Allostasis
Adaptation to stress.
Thriving
Positive growth from challenges.
Biological Embedding
Early stress leads to long-term health effects.
Glycemic Index (GI)
Ranks carbs by their effect on blood sugar.
Types of Fats
Good fats: Unsaturated (olive oil, fish). Bad fats: Trans fats, saturated fats.
Cholesterol & Health Risks
High cholesterol linked to heart disease and stroke.
Set-point hypothesis
Body resists weight change.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Calories burned at rest.
Fat cell hyperplasia
Growth of fat cells.
Abdominal obesity
Linked to cardiovascular disease.
Leptin
Hormone regulating hunger.
Ghrelin
Increases hunger.
FTO variant
Genetic link to obesity.
SES & Obesity
Lower SES linked to higher obesity rates.
Food security
Access to nutritious food.
Food deserts
Areas with limited access to healthy food.
Anorexia Nervosa (AN)
Restrictive type - Severe restriction; Binge/purge type - Bingeing with compensatory behaviors.
Bulimia Nervosa (BN)
Recurrent binge eating, followed by purging.
Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)
Bingeing without purging.
Treatments for Eating Disorders
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), nutritional counseling, medications.
Illness Representation
How people perceive their illness affects behavior.
Comorbidity
Presence of multiple health conditions.
Delay Behaviors
Includes appraisal delay, illness delay, and behavioral delay.
Factors Affecting Healthcare Utilization
Gender, age, and SES influence healthcare seeking behavior.
SES & Health Symptoms
Higher SES linked to better health outcomes.
Treatment Adherence & Nonadherence
Factors affecting adherence include complexity, cost, and side effects.
Effective Patient-Provider Communication
Key elements include active listening and clear explanations.
Information Control
Patients feel better when they understand treatment.
