ANAT 2 Blood

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Transport

gas exchange (oxygen and CO2); nutrients;

chemicals (communication and hormones)

Homeostasis

pH, ions (Ca+, Na+, K+), body temp

Plasma

matrix of the blood. The ground substance is water (97%). The fibers are various proteins (7%). The human body has about 3L of plasma.

Cellular Elements

suspended in the plasma of the blood

The human body has

2L of cellular elements

Albumin

the smallest and most abundant. Maintains osmotic pressure. Buffers the pH of blood; assists in transport (colloid osmotic pressure)

Globulins

have the most variety and are the second most abundant

Solute transport, clotting, immunity

Fibrinogen

the least abundant clotting

Erythrocytes (RBC's)

very abundant (44%) Responsible for gas exchange

Leukocytes aka WBCs

less abundant (1%) responsible for immunity

Thrombocytes/ platelets

(<1%) responsible for clotting. aren’t actually cells but are essentially broken pieces of megakaryocytes found in the bone marrow

Erythrocyte count

5 million/uL

Hematocrit

45%

Hemoglobin

15g/ dL

Leucocyte

5k-10k/uL

Platelet count

150k-450k/ / uL

Hematopoiesis

refers to the

production of blood.

Lymphoid stem cells

produce lymphocytes

Myeloid stem cells

produce all other cell types

Erythrocytes function

Oxygen from lungs to tissues, Carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs, 37-52% of whole blood is RBCs,

Each heme group can carry

one oxygen molecule

A single erythrocyte can contain

300 million hemoglobin molecules.

Erythropoiesis

erm used for erythrocyte production. This process normally takes 3-5 days.

RBCs live about

120 days

Hemolysis

rupture of RBCs

Anemia

deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin

Sickle cell anemia

caused by

a mutation in one of the hemoglobin

genes. Erythrocytes produce an

abnormal type of hemoglobin, which

causes the cell to take on a sickle or

crescent shape

Leukocytes aka WBCs

least abundant formed element 5-10,000 WBCs/uL blood.occurs when there are low numbers of WBCS. There are many causes and leads to a higher risk of infection. indicates infection, allergy, disease, or sometimes dehydration.

Neutrophils

Most abundant, 60-70% of WBCs

3-5 lobed nucleus; Reddish/violet granules with lysozyme

Aggressively antibacterial

Eosinophils

2-4% of WBCs

Lobed nucleus; Abundance of coarse, rosy/orange granules

Secrete chemicals that destroy parasites and phagocytize allergens, Ag-Ab complexes,

and inflammatory chemicals

Basophils

<0.5% of WBCs

Pale nucleus hidden by granules; Abundance of coarse, dark violet granules

Secrete: histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant)

Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Lymphocytes

25-33% of WBCs

The smallest; Round or ovoid nucleus that fills almost entire cell

B cells and T cells (more later)

Monocytes

3-8% of WBCs

The largest; Large, horseshoe shaped nucleus

Work in tissues as macrophages and are highly phagocytic (more later)

Platelets aka thrombocytes

fragments

of marrow cells called megakaryocytes.second most abundant formed element.critical to hemostasis

Hemostasis

process by which the body

seals a ruptured blood vessel and prevents

further loss of blood

Primary Hemostasis

immediate

Damaged endothelial cells signal through

chemical secretion

Vasospasm aka Vasoconstriction

decreases amount of blood lost

Happens via: nerve reflex and

endothelin on smooth muscle

Platelet Plug Formation

respond to endothelial cell signal

and get sticky

Secondary Hemostasis

Makes platelet plug stronger with fibrin

Coagulation Cascade

converts fibrinogen

to fibrin, producing a clot. is what converts fibrinogen

to fibrin.

Extrinsic Pathway

triggered by trauma; aka tissue

factor pathway; includes Ca++; takes seconds

Intrinsic Pathway

in bloodstream, triggered by vessel

damage; aka contact activation pathway; takes minutes

Common Pathway

activation of factor x = activation

of thrombin. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Blood type

is a classification of blood

based on the presence and absence of inherited antigenic substances

on the surface of RBCs

Antigens

complex molecules on the surfaces of all cells. They

enable the body to distinguish self from non-self.

Antibodies

gamma globulins secreted by immune cells (plasma

cells) in response to foreign antigen. They bind to antigen and mark

cells for destruction

Agglutination

process where blood cells clump. Complexes of

antigen and antibody form to immobilize the cell and wait on the body’s

immune cells to come and destroy them

Agglutinogens

antigens on the surface of RBCs

Agglutinins

antibodies in the plasma to these agglutinogens

Universal donor

O: very common

Universal Recipiant

AB: very rare

Rh Blood Group

determined by

the presence or absence of D

antigen and is expressed as Rh+ or

Rh-.

Hemolytic disease of the

newborn (HDN)

can occur if Rh-

mother has formed antibodies

and is pregnant with second Rh+

child

Erythrocytes transport oxygen and __________.

transport somecarbon dioxide

Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to __________.

heme groups in hemoglobin

An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except __________.

increasedhypoxemia

Which of the following is not true ofa patient with anemia?

Their blood viscosity is increased.

Which of the following is not a function of blood?

Produces plasmahormones

What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?

Bilirubin

Which of the following is not true regarding sickle-cell disease?

It is a cause of malaria.

The ABO blood group is determined by __________ in the plasma membrane of RBCs.

glycolipids

A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type __________ and can receive RBCs from someone oftype __________.

AB; O

A person with type AB blood has __________ RBC antigen(s).

A and B

Why are pregnant Rh ^- women given an injection of Rh immune globulin?

Antibodies in theinjection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system toproduce anti-D antibodies.

The universal donor of RBCs, but not necessarily plasma, is blood type __________.

O, Rh-negative

An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has __________ antigen(s) and can produce anti-__________ antibodies.

B and D; A

Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat?

Erythrocytes

The main reason why an individual with type AB, Rh-negative blood cannot donate blood to an individual with type A, Rh-positive blood is because __________.

anti-B antibodiesin the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor

A woman's first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type __________ and both children are most likely __________.

A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive

What are the least abundant of the formed elements?

Basophils

What are the most abundant agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes

Which cellsaid in the body's defense processes by secreting histamine and heparin?

Basophils

A patient is diagnosed with leukocytosis if they have more than __________ WBCs/μL.

10,000

A normal hematocrit is __________ of the total blood volume.

37% to 52%

What is the largest leukocyte that containssmall cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus?

Monocyte

Which of the following are not secreted by platelets?

Thrombopoietin

The cessation of bleeding is specifically called __________.

hemostasis

Platelets release __________, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm.

serotonin

The structural framework of a blood clot is formed by __________.

a fibrinpolymer

Which of the following is not normally found in plasma?

Glycogen