Foundations Exam 2

ABD

Abdomen/Abdominal

ABG

Arterial Blood Gas

FSG

Fasting serum glucose

ACLS

Advances Cardiac Life Support

AKA

Above Knee Amputation

BKA

Below knee amputation

DM-II

Diabetes Mellitus Type II

CKD-4

Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Disease

DJD

Degenerative Joint Disease

CAD

Coronary Artery Disease

PVD

Peripheral Vascular Disease

CHF

Congestive Heart Failure

LS are CTA

Lung sounds clear to auscultation

HEENT

Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat

EBL is 500

Estimated blood loss is 500 mL

PICC

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter

PERRLA

Pupils, equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

CVA

Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)

TIA

Transient Ischemic Attack (mini-stroke)

PRBC

Packed red blood cells

FFP

Fresh frozen plasma

ESRD

End stage renal disease

DKA

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

JP

Jackson-Pratt Drain: A surgical drain used to remove fluids after surgery

CABG

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

DTs

Delirium Tremens: A severe withdrawal symptom associated with alcohol use, including confusion and agitation.

LFT

Liver Function Tests: A group of tests to assess liver health.

• AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase) and ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase): Enzymes measured in liver function tests.

CDI

Clean, Dry, and Intact

SOB

Shortness of Breath

STEMI

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

HS

Hour of sleep

LOC

Level of consciousness

NC

Nasal cannula

Occluded

Blocked or obstructed, often used to describe blood vessels or airways

Obtunded

A state of reduced alertness or responsiveness, often used in neurological assessments

Atelectasis

Partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of it

Diverticulosis

The presence of small pouches in the colon, often asymptomatic

Chvostek Sign

A clinical sign of hypocalcemia where tapping the facial nerve causes facial muscle twitching

Hypovolemia

A condition of decreased blood volume, often due to dehydration or blood loss

Medical Asepsis

Practices that reduce the number and spread of pathogens (e.g., hand hygiene, disinfecting surfaces). Often called "clean technique."

Surgical asepsis

Practices that eliminate all microorganisms from an area or object (e.g., sterilization, using sterile gloves). Often referred to as "sterile technique."

MRSA

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

MDRO

Multidrug-Resistant Organisms

Cellulitis

A bacterial skin infection causing redness, warmth, swelling, and pain

Dehiscence

The reopening of a surgical wound

Exudate

Fluid that oozes from a wound

Purulent

Thick, yellow, green, or brown exudate indicating infection

Sero-sanguineous

A mixture of clear and blood-tinged fluid

Sanguineous

Bright red, blood-filled drainage

Serous

Clear, watery drainage

Which of the following is a common symptom of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

Snoring

According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, which phase is characterized by the body preparing for "fight or flight"?

Alarm reaction

In the MRM theory, a stressor that is perceived as enjoyable is termed:

Eustress

The primary goal of pain management should be:

Functional pain management that allows for rest/activity

Florence Nightingale described the environment as:

All factors that impact a person, both physical and social

Which of the following is a physiologic response associated with acute pain?

Tachycardia

Which of the following can be a negative impact of prolonged exposure to high levels of noise in a healthcare environment?

Increased length of stay

Which learning theory emphasizes the importance of feelings and attitudes of learners and promotes self-directed learning?

Humanistic learning theory

What is the first step a nurse takes in the nurse-client relationship?

Modeling the client’s world

Which of the following is a characteristic of neuropathic pain?

Burning, tingling, or shooting pain

What is the primary purpose of the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of sleep?

To facilitate dreaming, enhance memory consolidation, and support emotional processing.

Which of the following is an example of a learning activity that targets the psychomotor domain?

Demonstrating how to change a dressing

Which of the following herbal supplements is described as helping the body adapt to stressors by regulating adrenal glands?

Ashwagandha

What is always the priority concept related to client care?

Oxygenation

Which type of data is observable and measurable?

Objective data

Which organization has included access to nature as part of their evaluation of healthcare facilities?

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization (JCAHO)

What can result from even short-term poor sleep?

Impaired concentration

Which sleep stage is described as helping the brain resolve physiologic impacts of trauma?

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

In the Adaptive Potential Assessment Model (APAM), which state indicates diminished or depleted resources?

Impoverishment

What is a common adverse effect to monitor for in a patient receiving opioid medications?

Respiratory depression

What is the nurse’s role in promoting comfort?

To promote holistic comfort through pain advocation and management

What is pain influenced by?

biological, psychological, and social factors

Pain

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Pain threshold

The point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful, varying among individuals.

Pain tolerance

The maximum level of pain that a person is willing to endure before seeking relief.

How is pain categorized?

By duration and origin

Visceral pain

Pain originating from internal organs, often described as dull or aching.

What kind of medications are used for neuropathic pain?

Adjuvants

Which pain medications are used for nociceptive pain?

Opioids

How many hours should clients aim to sleep?

7-9 hours

Which of the following is incorrect about insomnia

They are able to get restful sleep