BIOLOGY Q1

Biology

Study of living things and their vital processes.

Botany

Study of plants.

Zoology

Study of animals.

Anatomy & Physiology

Study of body structures & functions.

Genetics

Study of genes & heredity.

Ecology

Study of relationships between organisms and their environment.

Microbiology

Study of microscopic organisms.

Cytology

Study of individual cells.

Histology

Study of tissues.

Characteristics of Life

Organized in a hierarchical pattern, ability to reproduce, grow, and develop.

Metabolism

Requires and processes energy.

Autotrophs

Produce their own food (e.g., photosynthesis).

Heterotrophs

Consume other organisms for energy.

Homeostasis

Regulates internal processes.

Stimuli

Responds to external changes.

Natural Selection

Adapts and evolves over generations.

Cells

Basic unit of life.

Robert Hooke

Coined the term “cell”.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

First to observe live cells.

Rudolf Virchow

“Omnis cellula e cellula” (all cells come from pre-existing cells).

Matthias Schleiden

Focused on plant cells.

Theodore Schwann

Focused on animal cells.

Modern Cell Theory

All living things are made up of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

No nuclear membrane, simpler structure.

Eukaryotic Cells

With nuclear membrane, more complex.

Organelles

Internal parts of a cell.

Cell Membrane

Controls passage of materials.

Cytoplasm

Surrounds organelles.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell.

Vacuole

Stores food & water.

Nucleus

Control center containing DNA.

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Protein and lipid production.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies and packages proteins and lipids.

Flagella/Cilia

Involved in locomotion.

Animal Cells

Have centrioles and lysosomes.

Plant Cells

Have cell walls and plastids (e.g., chloroplasts).

Cell Differentiation

Process by which cells change their function or type.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Structure of the cell membrane with proteins and carbohydrates.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Model describing the cell membrane structure.

Passive Transport

No energy required (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).

Active Transport

Requires energy (e.g., ATP).

Mitosis

Cell cycle phase including Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Cell Cycle Control

Regulated by internal and external factors.

Meiosis

Produces four haploid daughter cells.

Genetic Variation

Significance of meiosis in gamete production.

Karyotyping

Analyzing chromosome structure.

Non-disjunction

Failure of chromosomes to separate properly.