pathology for physical therapists

disease

structural or functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism

homeostasis

disease often involves a shift away from ___________

illness

sickness, change from a healthy state

acute disease

disease classification with rapid onset and short duration

chronic disease

disease classification that has a fluctuating intensity over a long period of time and often results in some form of permanent disability

disability

health problems which interfere with a person’s typical physical, mental, or emotional function

pathology

study of disease

pathogenesis

sequence of events leading from structural and functional abnormalities to clinical manifestations

pathophysiology

study of pathogenesis

germ theory

health/illness theory that microorganisms cause diseases

biomedical model

health/illness theory that disease is a result of organ dysfunction

multi-causal theory

health/illness theory that diseases are caused by diet, lifestyle, stress, and other internal/external factors

homeostasis theory

health/illness theory that illnesses are caused by internal/external insults that disrupt balance at the cellular level

general adaptation syndrome

health/illness theory that stress causes disease due to excessive demands and the inability to adapt causes organ damage/death

psychosocial theory

health/illness theory that stress results in an impaired immune system

psychoneuroimmunology theory

health/illness theory that explains the interaction between behavior, endocrine, neural, and immune systems

primordial

prevention type that is risk reduction starting at/before birth

primary

prevention type that is removing/reducing risk factors

secondary

prevention type that is early detection to prevent complications

tertiary

prevention time that is done to limit disability and long term impact

tertiary, primary

as PTs, we spend most of our time with ________ prevention, but society would be best served if we start to spend more time at _______ prevention

manifestation

all the data gathered about a disease as it occurs in a patient

subjective data

evidence of disease as perceived by the patient, discovered during the patient interview and history

objective data

physical observations made by the patient’s examiner, elicited during the physical examination

laboratory findings

observations made by the application of tests

history and physical

manifestation comes together in the medical record as the _______ ___ ________

diagnosis

process of gathering information, also refers to the name of a disease

syndrome

cluster of findings commonly encountered with more than one disease

differential diagnosis

process of figuring out what the correct source of the symptoms are

structural diseases

diseases characterized by observable structural body changes at the cell/tissue level

organic

structural diseases are also known as _______ diseases

lesions

structural changes observable in structural diseases

genetic diseases

structural diseases caused by genetic mutations or abnormalities in genetic make up, get passed to the next generation

developmental diseases

structural diseases that develop prior to or after birth but aren’t hereditary

epigenetics

how internal and external signals determine gene expression

hyperplasia

proliferative reaction to a prolonged stimulus which resolves once the stimulus is removed

neoplasia

results from genetic changes which favor the growth of a particular population of cells

benign

change in cell type/function that is localized to tissue site

malignant

change in cell type/function that invades surrounding tissue or throughout the organism

inflammation

vascular and cellular reactions which attempt to localize the injury, destroy the offending agent, and remove damaged cells/metabolic debris

repair

replacement of damaged tissue by new tissue of the same type or by scar tissue

functional diseases

diseases that on the onset of disease, have no visible lesions

evidence based practice

practice based on guidelines formulated from a thorough review of relevant scientific literature

incidence

number of newly diagnosed patients in a given time period, along with the relative risk of developing a condition

prevalence

number of persons with a disease at any one time regardless of time since diagnosis

morbidity

impact of the disease on the person and the causes and/or measures of disability

mortality

cause of death

mortality rate

measure of number of people dying in a given time period

survival rate

percentage of people with a particular condition who live for a given period of time after diagnosis

respiratory infections

most common cause of acute diseases

aging

normal process affecting all individuals which begins at the onset of physical maturity

hayflick limit

the number of times a normal cell population will divide before cell division stops

52, 54

the Hayflick limit for human cells is between __ and __ times

maximum life span

theoretical life limit of a member of a species

age dependent diseases

diseases that occur with all individual with time (ex: degenerative arthritis, presbyopia, etc.)

age related diseases

changes affecting only some aging persons and not considered part of the normal aging process (ex: cancer, cataracts, etc)

potential disease

a disease a person doesn’t have yet, goal being to prevent disease development by means of screening, vaccine, etc.

screening

tests/procedures designed to find evidence of asymptomatic disease, thereby allowing either an early cure or optimized management

test

analysis performed on a specimen removed from a patient

procedure

manipulation of the patient beyond that usually done during a physical examination, including analysis of imaging obtained from a patient

alignment, bones, cartilage, soft tissues

the ABCS for orthopedic indications when looking at x rays stand for _________, _____, _________, and ____ _______

infection, underlying

integumentary looks of x rays include looking at the extent of _________ and the assessment of __________ structures

GI, flat plates, barium

gastrointestinal looks of x rays include looking at the upper and lower __ series, abdominal ____ ______, and ______ swallow studies

chest x ray

the most common radiographic study is the _____ _ ___

airway, bone, cardiac, diaphragm, effusion, fields, gastric air, hilum

the ABCDEFGH to look for when looking at a chest x ray stands for ______, ____, _______, _________, ________, ______, _______ ___, and _____

ejection fraction

indicator of the heart’s “pump function”

abdominal flat plate

GI film often used to assess abdominal organ integrity and air fluid levels

barium swallow study

GI film that assesses swallowing function and evaluates esophageal and gastric pathologies

tomography

imaging by sections

computed tomography

form of x ray imaging that uses computer processing to format and reconstruct a 3-dimensional image around all 3 axes

bony, soft

CT scans are the most useful for studying ____ and ___ tissues

older, faster, cheap

a CT scan is (older/younger), (faster, slower), and more (expensive/cheap) than an MRI

30, 400

1 CT scan delivers the radiation dose equivalent to __ to ___ chest x rays

protons, radio, rotating

the MRI/MRA works as follows: a magnet causes _______ of certain atoms in the body to align, _____ frequency fields alter this alignment, the combined effect causes a ________ magnetic field in the scanned body part, field is detected by the scanner, and computer software constructs information into image

soft, greater

MRI is used to assess ____ tissues of the body and has _______ detail than CT

T1

standard MRI scan, differentiates fat from water, good for anatomical perspective

T2

MRI image where fat is darker and edema is brighter, good for pathological perspective

vascular, ionizing radiation

MRA can be completed with and without IV contrast to allow for crisp imaging of ________ structures and has the same benefits as CT angiography without the ________ __________

cord, nerve root

MRI is often used for the spine, as ____ and ______ ____ compression is poorly imaged by CT scan

sound waves, invasive

ultrasounds use _____ ______ instead of ionizing radiation and are often used in conjunction with ________ treatments

tendon tears

in terms of musculoskeletal lesions, small _______ ______ can be seen on ultrasound before other imaging techniques

doppler effect

ultrasound uses the _______ ______ to illustrate blood flow through imaged vessels

echocardiogram

heart ultrasound

transthoracic

type of echocardiogram that is noninvasive, lower quality imaging, and can be done at bedside

transesophageal

type of echocardiogram that requires sedation, is invasive, and better quality imaging

transcranial doppler ultrasound

diagnostic test for the assessment of blood flow in the brain without the need for IV contrast or ionizing radiation

nuclear medicine

study that requires the patient be given some sort of radioactive material to ingest or incorporate into their body

endoscopy

assessment of internal structures using a device/camera allowing direct or indirect visualization (i.e. colonoscopy)

complete blood count

is the most common lab draw for hospitalized patients, includes count and analysis of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

hemoglobin

iron containing metalloprotein, O2 carrying component of RBC

12, 16, 14, 17.4, 7, 8

hemoglobin reference values: females: __-__ g/dL, males: __-__._ g/dL. patients are often transfused if the are under _-_ g/dL

anemia, erythrocytosis

low values of hemoglobin would be referred to as ______, while high values of hemoglobin would be known as ______________

hematocrit

% of RBCs to blood volume

37, 47, 45, 52

hematocrit reference values: females- __-__%, males- __-__%

5000,10000

normal white blood cell count is ____-_____/L

leukopenia, leukocytosis

total white cell count less than 4000 would be __________, while greater than 11000 would be ____________

140000, 400000

normal platelet count is ______-______ per microliter of blood

134, 142

sodium (Na+) reference values: ___-___ mmol/L

3.7, 5.1

potassium (K+) reference values: _._ - _._ mmol/L

8.6, 10.3

calcium (Ca++) reference values: _._ - __._ mg/dL