cognitive memory notes

Memory

The persistence of learning overtime by storing it in and retriving it by the brain

Types of memory

Short term, sensory, working, long term

Sensory Memory

Brief shortage of info from your senses

Short term memory

Ability to recall info for 15- 30 seconds

Working term memory

Part short term memory, Hold info temporarily so we can problem solve

Long term memory

info is stored for long period must be retrived

explicit memories

requires conscious recall

Types of explicit memory’s

Semantic, Episodic and Prospective

Explicit- Semantic

Words or meanings, anything academic

explicit – episodic

Past memory

explicit – perspective memory

remembering to perform an action in the future

ex: driving by library then remembers u need to return book

Implicit Memories

Doesn’t require conscious recall

Types of implicit memory

Procedural, Classical Conditioning and Priming

Implicit Memories: Procedural

rehearsal

leads to muscle memory

ex: practicing volleyball

Implicit memories: classical conditioning

conscious responses

ex: phobias, attitudes and prejudices

Implicit memories: priming

exposure to stimuli’s that automatically triggers a memory

ex: being scared after watching a scary movie

Long-term potentiation process

Learning and then processing serotonin

neural connection

The basis for memory and learning

serotonin

released when you’re learning something

serotonin is also what

A neurotransmitter that involves moods, learning and memory

Dual Processing

information is processed consciously and unconsciously at the same time

conscious

Awareness of ourselves in environment, paying attention

unconscious

info processing we are unaware/unattended of

( going autopilot )

selective attention

focusing our conscious awareness on a particular thing

ex: tuning something out

Multi store model

Sensory memory, Short term memory and long term

Iconic Memory

Visual memory and Recall a image

Echoic Memory

Recalling last 4-5 words said

Pay attention

In order to move info into short term memory

Encoding

To move to short term to long term

Retrieval

Once info is stored in LTM you have to ______ it

Working Memory model

working memory is part of short term memory

What are the 2 types of working memory

Visual and Authority

What is phonological Loop

Helps remember audio

Ex: words, songs and sounds

What is Visuospatial Sketchpad

Helps remember visual things

Ex: what things look like and how they’re layed out

The central executive controls what?

Working memory

Episodic buffer

Large chunks of info but forget parts off

Ex: What was the entire play from freshman year

What is the levels of processing

how we encode info

Structural encoding

Remembering visuals

Ex: What does it look like?

Phonetic encoding

Remembering sounds

Ex: Rythomatic Patterns and songs

Semantic encoding

remembering the meaning of things

Shallow processing

Only surface level info

Deep processing

Occurs when we attach meaning to info

Spacing effect

How much we remember depends on how much time spent learning

Serial Position effect

Tendency to recall the first and last items on a list

Primacy effect

Remembering the begging of something more than the rest

Ex: The first vocab word in flashcards versus the middle

Recency effect

Remembering the end of list still fresh in mind

Von restoff effect

Sticks out like sore thumb

what are the types of elaborate rehearsal?

Mnemonic devises, first Word method, method of Loci and chunking

Mnemonic devises

Memory aids that use vivid imagery or organization

first word method

taking the first letter of a word that you want to remember

method of LOCI

Using a mental map to remember things

chunking

organizing items into categories

metacognition

Thinking about thinking

cognition

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing remembering and communicating

executive functions

Cognitive process that allows us to create organize plan and carry out plans

ex: having a weekly plan to study work, play sports, etc.

concepts

to help us think we Use concepts

Mental grouping for similar things

schemas

Cognitive concept we used to organize info

assimilation

Type of schema – adding new information to schema, but not changing it

accommodation

Type of schema – creating new scheme is for new info

prototypes

Mental image or best example of something

trial and error learning

Trying different solutions until we find one that works best with problem-solving

algorithms

Logic that we attempt to use until the correct one is found for a solution

heuristics

mental shortcuts/simple thinking

retrospective heuristic

Making a judgment based on a prototype

availability heuristic

thinking about something – First thing that comes to mind

Insight

A sudden realization of a solution

mental set

Using past experiences, habits, or strategies that we have been successful with

priming

A stimuli that unconsciously triggers a memory

framing

our decisions can be influenced by The way It is presented

gamblers fallacy

A cognitive bias that leads to incorrect beliefs of random outcomes

sunk-cost fallacy

Cognitive bias that leads one to continue doing a task because they’ve spent time money, etc.

hindsight bias

Tendency to believe After figuring it out what it is

EX: I knew it all along

overconfidence

Cognitive bias that is a tendency to be more confident and overestimate the accuracy of beliefs rather than the correct things

confirmation bias

Cognitive bias that has the tendency to search for information that supports our beliefs

Fixation

Cognitive bias, that is the inability to see a problem from a new perspective

functional fixedness

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

divergent thinking

process of creating multiple and different Solutions

convergent thinking

Process of arriving at one solution

Maintenance rehearsal

Repeating info over and over

elaborate rehearsal

Technique For short term memories to move to long-term

highly superior autobiographical memory

rare condition that allows people to recall details of their life

Infantile amnesia

Inability for most adults to remember anything before 3

anthograde Amnesia

Can’t remember new info, but can remember old info

retrograde amnesia

can’t remember old info, but can make New memories

Context dependent memories

The ability to recall info more when the concept you learned is the same as the context you recalled it from

State dependent memory

Being in a similar state physically or mentally

repressed memories

A defense mechanism to protect ego

Source amnesia

inability to recall how when or where you Learned something