Crime Risk Perspectives Flashcards

Flashcards about Crime Risk Perspectives

In terms of risk and crime control, what does the focus in designing entail?

Designing crime-proof buildings, crime-preventing streets, and closed communities.

According to Kemshall, what are the key issues surrounding high-risk offenders?

Identifying high-risk offenders, risk assessment, and future risk predictions.

Broadly defined, who are high-risk offenders?

Individuals who have committed a violent or sexual offense, or who have been assessed as likely to do so.

According to Kemshall, what does the definition of high-risk offenders reflect?

Reflects a preoccupation with offenders likely to offend harmfully against the person, and those committing sexual offenses resulting in physical harm or psychological trauma.

According to Kemshall, what are perceptions and definitions of high risk dependent on?

Both perceptions and definitions of high risk are dependent on the context within which they are used and reflect the culture, ideology and values found within that context.

According to Kemshall, why is risk not a value-neutral term?

It encapsulates the values and meanings attributed by those who use it.

What has the term “dangerous offender” primarily focused on?

Sexual and violent offender.

According to Kemshall, what is the key in determining risk?

To determine the level of risk and match responses accordingly.

According to critical criminologists, what does a risk-based approach play a key role in?

That a risk-based approach plays a key role in the emergence of the “culture of control”.

According to O'Malley, what do critical criminologists focus on?

They focus mainly on criminal behavior rather than therapeutic correction, and on offenders as risks to others, rather than on disadvantaged people struggling through life.

According to Kemshall, the identification of high-risk offenders has been, and still is, a problem as a result of which issues?

By designing and implementing a risk assessment tool capable of reliably and consistently identifying high-risk offenders and differing interpretations of what constitutes “high risk” among practitioners and sentencers.

Besides designing and implementing a risk assessment tool capable of identifying high-risk offenders, what is another issue in the identification of high-risk offenders?

Establishing sufficient criteria and evidence upon which to base judgements about the future.

Judgements of risk are open to bias, stereotyping and interpretation which leads to subjective decisions by whom?

Professionals and the public make subjective decisions concerning risk prediction.

When determining "dangerousness", what is needed to consider?

The offender, the circumstances surrounding the offence, the impact on the victim(s), and a combination of in-depth knowledge of behavior, attitudes and motivation.

According to Kemshall, the critical question to consider about every offender is what?

Determine the level of risk and match responses accordingly.

According to the Criminological and legal approach to risk and dangerousness when can problem arise?

The accurate capture of risk is seen as a matter of tool design and integrity of use.

According to criminological and legal approaches, where is an offender's riskiness rooted?

The behaviour and circumstances of that individual.

In terms of sentencing, what do criminological and legal approaches to risk target?

Behaviors are also seen as changeable to some degree, thus such tools target offenders for intervention and behavioral programs, as well as sentencing options.

In terms of Psychology and dangerousness, what have Psychological framing of high-risk offenders and dangerousness achieved?

They played an important role in the articulation of problematic behaviours, mental disorders, predisposing factors and triggers, and in the development of increasingly effective treatments and probation interventions for sexual and violent offenders.

According to Eysenck's criminological model, why are some people driven to criminal behavior?

Some people are driven to risk-taking and criminal behavior because of their autonomic nervous systems.

According to Kemshall, there is a difference between which kind of offenders when considering the criteria and evidence for dangerousness?

There is a difference between offenders who have no previous convictions or who are under the age of 18 and those who have previous convictions or who are over 18.

Sociological understanding of risk and dangerousness are eclectic, drawing on a range of theoretical approaches. Name them

Cultural theory, governmentality theory and social construction approaches.

According to the social construction of risk, what's the importance of perceptions of risk?

This is not to say that risks and dangers are not real, but that perceptions of risk and how risks and dangers are selected for importance and attention is significant.

According to The social construction of risk and the role of the media, how the media can influence into finding solutions?

The media can also help to find solutions (or inhibit them), mobilise activists and enable or prompt policymakers into action.

According to Hesselink-Louw, what does risk assessment demands a methodical evaluation, analysis and assessment of criminal behaviour in order to determine in terms of risk?

The risk of escaping, absconding, bullying behavior (or own vulnerability), and dangerousness

According to Olver et al, what functions assessment serve?

To promote public safety, assess risk for general recidivism, identify indicators for intervention, and guide community supervision.

Risk assessment assist in housing or grouping offenders according to various indicators name three

The likelihood to reoffend and dangerousness (to self and others), the seriousness of crime, the absence or presence of protective factors (i.e. intelligence, support structure, criminal associations).

Name three Protective factors

Intelligence, support structure, motivated to change risky behavior and be able to behave in prison

Name the compliance with the risk-need-responsivity principles for effective case management and risk reduction

The needs principle, The risk principle & The responsivity principle

What does the needs principle stipulates?

The needs principle identifies treatment targets to rehabilitate offenders positively.

What does the risk principle refers to?

High-risk offenders receive intensive treatment to reduce their risk of re-entering a correctional environment.

What does Responsivity principle refer?

Offenders will only benefit from interventions that are meaningful to them

What is meant by the term Criminogenic needs

Factors that place an offender at future risk.

In custody setting what's important to determine types of risk?

Risk to the public, inmate, known adults, self, escape and vulnerability

Name the types of risk assessment in risk assessment: a complex practice

static risk items, dynamic risk items and risk assessment management

Define the term Static risk

Are unchangeable, historical risk factors.

Define the term Dynamic risk factors

Are changeable factors that determine offender's life, personality, and or lifestyle where change and personal development are possible.

What needs to be determined in order to conduct a risk assessment, what is important to be cognisance of

Causes and contributary factors linked to criminal behaviour, also motives related to the crime.

To determine risk factors what aspects must be determined?

Modus operandi, circumstances and level of motivation to offend

In tiered management, what are the three levels of management tiers for risk management?

Level 2 is involving more than one agency or level 3 which is the panel of MAPPA for the

What important aspects should be considered to determine risk of harm?

The victim, conditions and circumstances and determine level of motivation

As regards the community management of high-risk offenders what type risk management strategis used in ' the community protection model'?

Community protection through risk management centres on the protection of the community, with methods of supervision including monitoring techniques and corrective programmes

Restrictive measures of imprisonment conditions limit what for offenders?

To limit crimogenic opportunities and to contain offenders within the community.

What are two difficulties regarding supervision of high-risk offenders?

A lack of resources and an overemphasis on restrictions.

What's entail by the term key component for effective risk management?

Proactive planning , police intelligence, boundaries and swift enforcement

Supervision and Monitoring is a practice of which approach?

The Community Protection Approach

Risk prediction efforts that should be based on the Risk-Need-Responsivity Principles (RNR) that include all possible aspects that are associated with the offender, provide example in relation to criminological aspects?

Psychological or psychiatric diagnoses, force, stalking behaviour , history of sexual behaviour and a criminal support structure.

What does Primary level of the Public Health Approach involve?

It entails the identification and prevention of sexually deviant behaviour in at - risk children

In the social construction approach, who can "champion" causes and popularize new fears?

The media

What refers to a mechanism of social regulation in which individuals are made responsible for their own actions?

Responsibilisation.

What may leave the MAPPA potentially isolated from local communities?

The lack of transformation within its operation leaves it potentially isolated from local communities.

Before being released, South African offenders should ideally undergo what type of assessment?

To integrate them back into society in a safe way.

Public protection against what category of offenders is a sensitive issue?

Violence and sexual crimes.

What rights are prioritized when managing high-risk offenders?

Victim and community rights.

For the purpose of this study unit, how are 'high-risk offenders' defined?

Those who have committed a violent or sexual offense.

What are low risk offenders described like?

Criminals who have fewer factors and no previous crime record

Community members feel indignation and outrage over crimes committed. What priority do the courts focus on?

The communities' lives and possessions are safe.

Is a way in which the public is entitled to know which indicates that the rights of the community are more important than the rights of the offender?

Community notification, that is, disclosure of information about sex offenders.

When did sex offender registers originate in the United States of America?

January 1944.

When did the Sexual Offences Act come into operation in South Africa?

On 16 December 2007.

When did Chapter 6 of the Sexual Offences Act come into effect in South Africa?

On 16 June 2009.

When evaluating a prisoner's circumstances what should be included according to report 63 of of the Correction Service Act

conduct, adjustments training, aptitude, physical and mental state

According to the Department of Correctional Services in South Africa, when each prisoner attains his minimum detention period, what should a Parole Board report contain?

by their conduct, adjustment, training, aptitude, physical and mental state.

In South Africa any person can place a complaint to the International Crimi- nal Court in Den Hague if their rights have been infringed?

An action for the benefit of the victim.

In South Africa, who should, without delay, disclose to their employer whether he/she was convicted of a sexual offense?

Those who work with children or mentally disabled persons.

Why did South Africa need a National Register for Sex Offenders?

To reduce the high rate of sexual offenses against children.

What are the key categories and features associated with sexual offenses to an early childhood

Psychobiological, psycho social and neurological

what tool did Monahan state that can be questionable when considering the crime of a parole and practitioner that is tasked with

The power of assessment tools to predict risk can be fallibleMonahan

Name a challenge within corrections for making risk assessments

Inadequate information about police arrest, charges, and circumstances of the crisis

With what must practitioners balance the rights and safety of victims or the public?

The offender's right to privacy can be overridden to prevent further crime and to protect potential vulnerable victims.

What do guidelines state in relation to individuals that must have on the register according to sexual offenses act?

All individuals who work with children should have a certificate indi- cating they are not on the register.

South Africa is staggering under violence confirmed by what source?

The release of the latest 2017/2018 crime statistics shows increase of 362 rape cases in a year.

What can be applied in order to get a country to put its house in order and what did this include?

Economic and other sanctions.

What building blocks must be made for an effect criminal justice ssytem?

Maintaining a moral society that encourages people to obey the law and deters them from breaking the law.

How doe rehabilitation approch model tend offenders?

They are not seen as being morally responsible for offences commit- ted.

What can public Health Approach entail in regards to community based approached as a center for a Criminal Justice System(CJS)?

That the community-based approach has not been successful in re- ducing sex offending.

Which types of justice has the potential benefits for difficult societal problems?

A mechanism for improving the safety of vic- tims, for providing relief for communities and for rehabilitating offenders.

Addression criminological and well fare needs is a key component for effective risk management due:

A failure to meet the basic offender needs under mine the risk management Plan

Name a key building block of restorative justice

Protecting innocent law-abiding citizens and they should also receive their just deserts.

What task that psychologists and other mental professionals do?

An important universal chore for psychologist and other mental health professional to general and violent recidivism to work with offenders in the criminal justice and correctional sectors of society.

An issue is seen as

A victim of a crime is an infringement of victim to have been part of their community, but yet the crime is not registered from that community.

What does cultural theory examines some dangers while others does not receive?

By making some danger to receive attention whilst others does not receive

Which type of effect may it cause if community is notified?

It creates a sense of control over salient and frightening hazard in their environment.

Which factor have contribute to the registration and protection legislation

The implementation of sex legislation in some states

Give one good reasion why it is better for a person to stay out of poverty

That is the inability of individuals who are in poverty may lead them to make good contribution in total for econic

What has contribute to unemployment to be less in effect

That young children will not commit the offence of an adult offender , but can be charge as one.

What factors are not a part of assessment during probation to protect a person

Committing criminal actions and they motives

One of the major factors about how they could do this

A better prostitution if is make legal

It is seen as a right to know information about sexual offenders and how will this be addressed?

It is when community cannot afford to be protected from harm, thus they should all protected.

That members has feelings for the community regarding what is done is crime

It includes elements of cohesion to the right for community that the justice does not always satisfy what community wants

That media that is a form of reference a frame

They can do harm when they do not help

Is an effort to help reduce poverty in their effort from that

That it could take their attention on something else

To take care, family take to ensure they have safety for children in the best way is what measure

To examine the risk from child sexual to abuse in families

That people must follow but what would cause them that when parents do not care of giving directions

Because both where bad, the boy do what mom said then the one from his father

Is it the a great idea of taking a human life

There is nothing a person will learn

Is the reason why the people on the social economic level have not had great life

The relationship does not get into the system

The poverty in an is where there's

An inability of the state to provide services or the government does not want to take care

Terms like risk and dangerous are

That high risk offenders committed these crimes and they are a high problem

The police, court officials or medical practitioners give opinions about a high risk offenders

And that if the courts will know the person that is on trial well it will help find solutions to what will help

If families knew and followed the standards what is its influence

It will mean that there would not be a high range of crime , but this may not always prevent because things will still happen