Mass transport

Carbon dioxide concentration

increase dissociation of oxygen by decreasing blood pH

Bohr effect

increase dissociation of oxygen for aerobic respiration at cells

Binding of first oxygen molecule

changes the tertiary struture of haemoglobin which creates another binding site

Atrioventricular valve

atria to ventricle

Semi lunar valve

ventricle to pulmonary artery and aorta

Arteries

heart to body

thick muscular wall and elastic tissue to withstand high pressure

Arterioles

branched off arteries

directing blood by contracting or releasing

Vein

carry deoxygenated blood from body to heart

wide lumen and thin muscle wall under low pressure

contain valve to prevent backflow of blood

Formation of tissue fluid

hydrostatic pressure inside capillaries is higher than in tissue fluid

difference in pressure force fluid out of the capillaries into space around cells to from tissue fluid

Return of tissue fluid to circulatory system

plasma protein remain creates water potential gradient

water moves to blood by osmosis and returns to blood by lymphatic system

Vena cava

enter heart

Aorta

leave heart

Renal vein

leave kidney

Renal artery

enter kidney

Pulmonary artery

enter lung

Pulmonary vein

leave lung

Cardiac output

stroke volume x heart rate

Cardiovascular disease

thicken blood and cause blood clot and blockage

Transpiration

evaporation of water from leaves

Cohesion-tension theory

water lose from leaf because evaporation of water

lowers water potential of mesophyll cell so water is pulled up the xylem and create tension

water molecules cohere by hydrogen bonds, forming water column

Mass flow hypothesis for the mechanism of translocation

in leaf, sugar is actively transported into phloem by companion cell to lowers water potential of sieve cell

water enters by osmosis and in crease in pressure causing mass movement towards root

sugar used in root for respiration for storgae