ARCL 228 - Final Flashcards

What is a young adult?

20-35 years

What is a middle adult?

35-50 years

What is an old adult?

50+ years

Which bones have epiphyses that can be used for aging in adults?

Clavicle, sternum, sacrum, os coxa

At what age are there no epiphyses in the clavicles?

At what age are clavicle epiphyses in the process of fusing?

15-21 years

At what age is fusing near completion in clavicle epiphyses?

24-29 years

When do sternal epiphyses fuse?

40+ years

When does the 2nd epiphysis of the sacrum fuse?

25+ years

When does the posterior portion of the iliac crest fuse?

17-23 years

When does the anterior portion of the iliac crest fuse?

17-20 years

When does the pubic symphysis appear?

23-27 years

When does the pubic symphysis fuse?

27+ years

What are the stages of aging in the pubic symphysis?

Starts with ridges and furrows (billowing), billows erode and ventral rampart appears, ventral rampart and bony nodule are completed, continuous rim of bone is formed, rim then breaks down, symphyseal surface becomes porous and pitted

What parts of the auricular surface are used for aging?

The apex, superior demi-face, inferior demi-face, and the retro-auricular area

How does transverse organization on the auricular surface change with age?

Youthful billows are replaced by striae, and then all transverse organization is lost

How does the texture of the auricular surface change with age?

Fine grain becomes coarser with age, turns to dense/smooth bone, then degenerates

How does the porosity of the auricular surface change with age?

Increases with age, microporosity appears, then macroporosity

How does the retroauricular area change with age?

Bone starts smooth, becomes coarser, eventually exhibits osteophytes and outgrowths

How does the apex change with age?

Starts out thin and sharp, becomes thicker and blunter with age

What is the first stage of aging in the auricular surface?

20-24 years, billowing, possible striae, fine granularity

What is the second stage of aging in the auricular surface?

25-29 years, striae, coarse granularity with residual fine granularity, retroauricular activity may be present

What is the third stage of aging in the auricular surface?

30-34 years, general loss of billowing, increased granularity

What is the fourth stage of aging in the auricular surface?

35-39 years, uniform coarse granularity

What is the fifth stage of aging in the auricular surface?

40-44 years, transition from coarse granularity to dense surface

What is the sixth stage of aging in the auricular surface?

45-49 years, complete densification with complete granularity loss

What is the seventh stage of aging in the auricular surface?

50-59 years, dense irregular surface, rugged topography, activity in retroauricular area

What is the eighth stage of aging in the auricular surface?

60+ years, breakdown of surface with marginal lipping, macroporosity, and marked retroauricular activity

What are some advantages of aging with the auricular surface?

More stable joint = less changes related to activity, greater bone density leads to greater preservation

What are some disadvantages of aging with the auricular surface?

Can be difficult to interpret, basically either clearly old or young, can’t tell the in-between

Which rib is the most important for aging with sternal rib ends?

4th rib

How does the surface bone of sternal rib ends change with age?

Goes from smooth to porous

How does the surface contour of sternal rib ends change with age?

Goes from billowy/flat, to indented, to V/U-shaped, and then U shaped

How does the rim edge of sternal rib ends change with age?

Becomes thinner and sharper with age, either absent or rounded in younger individuals

How does the rim contour of sternal rib ends change with age?

Goes from regular, to wavy, to irregular with projecting “fingers” of bone with age

What is the 4-stage scoring system used when aging with cranial sutures?

Open: 0, minimal closure: 1, significant closure: 2, complete obliteration: 3

What are the 7 vault areas scored when aging with cranial sutures?

Mid-lambdoid, lambda, obelion, anterior sagittal, bregma, mid-coronal, and pterion

What are the 5 lateral-anterior areas scored when aging with cranial sutures?

Mid-coronal, pterion, sphenofrontal, inferior sphenotemporal, superior sphenotemporal

What are some examples of secondary sex characteristics?

Body size, canine size (in non-humans), colouring (in non-humans), body hair, sexual dimorphism

What is sexual monomorphism?

When both sexes of a species are roughly the same size/shape, slight secondary sex differences, differences in primary sex characteristics

What do secondary sex characteristics in females involve?

Mechanisms necessary for childbirth

Which sex is juvenile growth rate faster in?

Females

Which sex usually has larger muscle attachments?

Males

How does age influence skeletal trait expression?

Skeletal features are often more “feminine” at younger ages

How accurate is skeletal sex estimation?

Correctly estimated in 80-95% of cases, accuracy drops if only looking at skull or long bones

How are skull traits scored for sex estimation?

Scale of 1-5 from female-male

How is sex estimated with the nuchal area?

Rugged and has hook in males, smoother with no hook in females

How is sex estimated with the mastoid process?

Large and projecting in males, small and non-projecting in females

How is sex estimated with brow ridges?

Large in males, small to none in females

How is sex estimated with the supraorbital margin?

Rounded in males, sharp in females

How is sex estimated with the mental eminence?

Broad or square in males, pointed in females

What is the M1 measurement?

Maximum cranial length, distance from glabella to opsithocranion

What is the M2 measurement?

Maximum cranial breadth, euryon to euryon

What is the M3 measurement?

Biozygomatic diameter, zygion to zygion

What is the M4 measurement

Mastoid process length

How is sex estimated with the pelvic inlet?

Heart-shaped in males, circular/elliptical in females and may have parturition scarring

How is sex estimated with the subpubic angle?

Wider in females than in males

How is sex estimated with the ilium?

Broader and iliac fossa is thinner in females, tall and denser iliac fossa in males

How is sex estimated with the pubic bone shape?

Broad and square in females, narrow and rectangular in males

How is sex estimated with the preauricular sulcus?

Present and well-developed in females, absent or poorly developed in males

How is sex estimated with the greater sciatic notch?

Wide in females, narrow in males

What are the phenice traits for sex estimation?

The ventral arc, the subpubic concavity, and the ischiopubic ramus ridge

How is sex estimated with the ventral arc?

Strong in females, slight/absent in males

How is sex estimated with the subpubic concavity?

Concave in females, convex in males

How is sex estimated with the ischiopubic ramus ridge?

Narrow and crest-like in females, broad and flat in males

What is human variation in forensic anthropology?

Forensic anthropologists look for traits in skeletons that reflect the social group they would have been ascribed to when they were alive.

What are some skeletal elements commonly used to determine race/heritage?

Shape of nose/nasal aperture, face, cranial suture pattern, jaws, and teeth

Who were the Aamu?

“Brown” desert dwellers to the East

Who were the Nehesy?

“Black” Nubians to the South

Who were the Themehu?

“White” Lybians in the West

Who were the Romut?

“Red” Egyptians

How did Carolus Linnaeus categorize people?

“White” Europeans, “black” Africans, “dark” Asians, and “red” people from the Americas

How did Johann Friedrich Blumenbach categorize people?

First to use comparative anatomy, classified people into 5 races: Mongolian, American, Caucasian, Malayan, and Ethiopian

What is sharp force trauma?

Narrowly focused, dynamic, slow-speed, compressive force with a sharp-edged object

What tools can produce sharp force trauma?

Any tool with an edge or bevel

What type of wound is produced by sharp force trauma?

Incised wound

What are some of the different effects that can be created in bone by sharp force trauma?

Clefts, wastage, striations, punctures, and incisions

What is a cleft?

Deep and wide v-shaped bone modification

What is wastage?

Removal of bone from inside a cleft

What are striations?

Lines etched into bone by a blade

What are punctures?

Penetrating wounds, compressed outer table, shows shape of object

What are incisions?

Tapered v-shaped modifications, more long than wide

How is sharp force trauma analyzed?

Wound description (place on skeleton, type of wound, and size), instrument (type and blade), direction of force, number of traumatic events, sequence of events

What indicates that sharp force trauma occurred antemortem?

Healed or healing, rounded edges around wound

What characteristics of an object can be determined from blunt force trauma wound analysis?

Long vs. short, narrow vs. wide, focused vs. diffuse, shape of object, longitudinal configuration, and weight

What are the main types of deformation seen in blunt force trauma fractures?

Inbending and outbending at the impact site, outbending will mimic the object shape

What are the main types of cranial blunt force trauma fractures?

Depressed, spiderweb, bone wedges, or hinge fractures

What is significant about depressed fractures?

When made by object with area

What is a spiderweb fracture?

Radiating lines on outbent surface, stop at a suture or previous radiating lines

What are bone wedges?

Concentric fracture lines, bone wedges forced inward

What are hinge fractures?

Incomplete fracture on one side of depression

What are the 3 main areas of buttressing in the face?

Alveolar ridge, malar eminences, and nasofrontal processes

What are Lefort fractures?

Fractures around areas of buttressing on the face

What are lefort 1 fractures?

Travel between alveolar and nasofrontal

What are lefort 2 fractures?

Travel between nasofrontal and malar eminence(s)

What are lefort 3 fractures?

Below anterior temporal and midfrontal

What are the main areas of buttressing in the cranial vault?

Midfrontal, midoccipital, posterior temporal, anterior temporal

What type of fracture does blunt force trauma create in elastic bone?

Younger bone, incomplete fracture

What type of fracture does blunt force trauma create in brittle bone?

Older bone, complete fracture

What type of fracture does blunt force trauma create in weak trabecular bone?

Incomplete fracture