ARCL 228 - Final Flashcards
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258 Terms
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What is a young adult?
20-35 years
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What is a middle adult?
35-50 years
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What is an old adult?
50+ years
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Which bones have epiphyses that can be used for aging in adults?
Clavicle, sternum, sacrum, os coxa
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At what age are there no epiphyses in the clavicles?
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At what age are clavicle epiphyses in the process of fusing?
15-21 years
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At what age is fusing near completion in clavicle epiphyses?
24-29 years
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When do sternal epiphyses fuse?
40+ years
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When does the 2nd epiphysis of the sacrum fuse?
25+ years
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When does the posterior portion of the iliac crest fuse?
17-23 years
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When does the anterior portion of the iliac crest fuse?
17-20 years
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When does the pubic symphysis appear?
23-27 years
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When does the pubic symphysis fuse?
27+ years
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What are the stages of aging in the pubic symphysis?
Starts with ridges and furrows (billowing), billows erode and ventral rampart appears, ventral rampart and bony nodule are completed, continuous rim of bone is formed, rim then breaks down, symphyseal surface becomes porous and pitted
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What parts of the auricular surface are used for aging?
The apex, superior demi-face, inferior demi-face, and the retro-auricular area
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How does transverse organization on the auricular surface change with age?
Youthful billows are replaced by striae, and then all transverse organization is lost
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How does the texture of the auricular surface change with age?
Fine grain becomes coarser with age, turns to dense/smooth bone, then degenerates
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How does the porosity of the auricular surface change with age?
Increases with age, microporosity appears, then macroporosity
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How does the retroauricular area change with age?
Bone starts smooth, becomes coarser, eventually exhibits osteophytes and outgrowths
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How does the apex change with age?
Starts out thin and sharp, becomes thicker and blunter with age
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What is the first stage of aging in the auricular surface?
20-24 years, billowing, possible striae, fine granularity
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What is the second stage of aging in the auricular surface?
25-29 years, striae, coarse granularity with residual fine granularity, retroauricular activity may be present
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What is the third stage of aging in the auricular surface?
30-34 years, general loss of billowing, increased granularity
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What is the fourth stage of aging in the auricular surface?
35-39 years, uniform coarse granularity
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What is the fifth stage of aging in the auricular surface?
40-44 years, transition from coarse granularity to dense surface
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What is the sixth stage of aging in the auricular surface?
45-49 years, complete densification with complete granularity loss
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What is the seventh stage of aging in the auricular surface?
50-59 years, dense irregular surface, rugged topography, activity in retroauricular area
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What is the eighth stage of aging in the auricular surface?
60+ years, breakdown of surface with marginal lipping, macroporosity, and marked retroauricular activity
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What are some advantages of aging with the auricular surface?
More stable joint = less changes related to activity, greater bone density leads to greater preservation
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What are some disadvantages of aging with the auricular surface?
Can be difficult to interpret, basically either clearly old or young, can’t tell the in-between
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Which rib is the most important for aging with sternal rib ends?
4th rib
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How does the surface bone of sternal rib ends change with age?
Goes from smooth to porous
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How does the surface contour of sternal rib ends change with age?
Goes from billowy/flat, to indented, to V/U-shaped, and then U shaped
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How does the rim edge of sternal rib ends change with age?
Becomes thinner and sharper with age, either absent or rounded in younger individuals
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How does the rim contour of sternal rib ends change with age?
Goes from regular, to wavy, to irregular with projecting “fingers” of bone with age
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What is the 4-stage scoring system used when aging with cranial sutures?
Open: 0, minimal closure: 1, significant closure: 2, complete obliteration: 3
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What are the 7 vault areas scored when aging with cranial sutures?
Mid-lambdoid, lambda, obelion, anterior sagittal, bregma, mid-coronal, and pterion
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What are the 5 lateral-anterior areas scored when aging with cranial sutures?
Mid-coronal, pterion, sphenofrontal, inferior sphenotemporal, superior sphenotemporal
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What are some examples of secondary sex characteristics?
Body size, canine size (in non-humans), colouring (in non-humans), body hair, sexual dimorphism
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What is sexual monomorphism?
When both sexes of a species are roughly the same size/shape, slight secondary sex differences, differences in primary sex characteristics
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What do secondary sex characteristics in females involve?
Mechanisms necessary for childbirth
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Which sex is juvenile growth rate faster in?
Females
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Which sex usually has larger muscle attachments?
Males
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How does age influence skeletal trait expression?
Skeletal features are often more “feminine” at younger ages
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How accurate is skeletal sex estimation?
Correctly estimated in 80-95% of cases, accuracy drops if only looking at skull or long bones
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How are skull traits scored for sex estimation?
Scale of 1-5 from female-male
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How is sex estimated with the nuchal area?
Rugged and has hook in males, smoother with no hook in females
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How is sex estimated with the mastoid process?
Large and projecting in males, small and non-projecting in females
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How is sex estimated with brow ridges?
Large in males, small to none in females
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How is sex estimated with the supraorbital margin?
Rounded in males, sharp in females
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How is sex estimated with the mental eminence?
Broad or square in males, pointed in females
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What is the M1 measurement?
Maximum cranial length, distance from glabella to opsithocranion
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What is the M2 measurement?
Maximum cranial breadth, euryon to euryon
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What is the M3 measurement?
Biozygomatic diameter, zygion to zygion
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What is the M4 measurement
Mastoid process length
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How is sex estimated with the pelvic inlet?
Heart-shaped in males, circular/elliptical in females and may have parturition scarring
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How is sex estimated with the subpubic angle?
Wider in females than in males
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How is sex estimated with the ilium?
Broader and iliac fossa is thinner in females, tall and denser iliac fossa in males
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How is sex estimated with the pubic bone shape?
Broad and square in females, narrow and rectangular in males
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How is sex estimated with the preauricular sulcus?
Present and well-developed in females, absent or poorly developed in males
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How is sex estimated with the greater sciatic notch?
Wide in females, narrow in males
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What are the phenice traits for sex estimation?
The ventral arc, the subpubic concavity, and the ischiopubic ramus ridge
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How is sex estimated with the ventral arc?
Strong in females, slight/absent in males
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How is sex estimated with the subpubic concavity?
Concave in females, convex in males
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How is sex estimated with the ischiopubic ramus ridge?
Narrow and crest-like in females, broad and flat in males
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What is human variation in forensic anthropology?
Forensic anthropologists look for traits in skeletons that reflect the social group they would have been ascribed to when they were alive.
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What are some skeletal elements commonly used to determine race/heritage?
Shape of nose/nasal aperture, face, cranial suture pattern, jaws, and teeth
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Who were the Aamu?
“Brown” desert dwellers to the East
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Who were the Nehesy?
“Black” Nubians to the South
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Who were the Themehu?
“White” Lybians in the West
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Who were the Romut?
“Red” Egyptians
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How did Carolus Linnaeus categorize people?
“White” Europeans, “black” Africans, “dark” Asians, and “red” people from the Americas
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How did Johann Friedrich Blumenbach categorize people?
First to use comparative anatomy, classified people into 5 races: Mongolian, American, Caucasian, Malayan, and Ethiopian
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What is sharp force trauma?
Narrowly focused, dynamic, slow-speed, compressive force with a sharp-edged object
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What tools can produce sharp force trauma?
Any tool with an edge or bevel
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What type of wound is produced by sharp force trauma?
Incised wound
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What are some of the different effects that can be created in bone by sharp force trauma?
Clefts, wastage, striations, punctures, and incisions
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What is a cleft?
Deep and wide v-shaped bone modification
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What is wastage?
Removal of bone from inside a cleft
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What are striations?
Lines etched into bone by a blade
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What are punctures?
Penetrating wounds, compressed outer table, shows shape of object
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What are incisions?
Tapered v-shaped modifications, more long than wide
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How is sharp force trauma analyzed?
Wound description (place on skeleton, type of wound, and size), instrument (type and blade), direction of force, number of traumatic events, sequence of events
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What indicates that sharp force trauma occurred antemortem?
Healed or healing, rounded edges around wound
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What characteristics of an object can be determined from blunt force trauma wound analysis?
Long vs. short, narrow vs. wide, focused vs. diffuse, shape of object, longitudinal configuration, and weight
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What are the main types of deformation seen in blunt force trauma fractures?
Inbending and outbending at the impact site, outbending will mimic the object shape
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What are the main types of cranial blunt force trauma fractures?
Depressed, spiderweb, bone wedges, or hinge fractures
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What is significant about depressed fractures?
When made by object with area
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What is a spiderweb fracture?
Radiating lines on outbent surface, stop at a suture or previous radiating lines
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What are bone wedges?
Concentric fracture lines, bone wedges forced inward
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What are hinge fractures?
Incomplete fracture on one side of depression
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What are the 3 main areas of buttressing in the face?
Alveolar ridge, malar eminences, and nasofrontal processes
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What are Lefort fractures?
Fractures around areas of buttressing on the face
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What are lefort 1 fractures?
Travel between alveolar and nasofrontal
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What are lefort 2 fractures?
Travel between nasofrontal and malar eminence(s)
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What are lefort 3 fractures?
Below anterior temporal and midfrontal
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What are the main areas of buttressing in the cranial vault?
Midfrontal, midoccipital, posterior temporal, anterior temporal
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What type of fracture does blunt force trauma create in elastic bone?
Younger bone, incomplete fracture
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What type of fracture does blunt force trauma create in brittle bone?
Older bone, complete fracture
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What type of fracture does blunt force trauma create in weak trabecular bone?
Incomplete fracture
Note 
Flashcards (43)