anatomical terminology and organ systems

anatomical position

standing erect, heels together, arms at side, palms anterior, thumbs lateral

axial

midline, core of body

appendicular

limbs, appendages (attached to axial)

prone

face down in anatomical position

supine

face up in anatomical position

superior

above

inferior

below

cephalic direction

towards head

caudal

towards tail

anterior (ventral)

towards front

posterior (dorsal)

towards back

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

superficial

close to surface

deep

away from surface

proximal

close to point of attachment

distal

far from point of attachment

cephalic region

head region

frontal region

forehead

orbital region

eyes

nasal region

nose

oral region

mouth

mental region

chin

buccal region

cheek area

cervical region

neck area

what makes up the anterior head region?

cephalic, frontal, orbital, nasal, oral, mental, buccal, cervical

what makes up the anterior trunk region?

acromial, thoracic/pectoral, mammary, sternal, abdominal, umbilical

acromial

shoulder area

thoracic/pectoral

chest

mammary

breast

sternal

middle of thorax

abdominal

abdomen

umbilical

belly button

what makes up the anterior pelvis region?

coxal, inguinal, perineal, pubic, pudendal

coxal

hip

inguinal

groin area

perineal

between anus and reproductive organs

pubic

genitals

pudendal

external genetalia

what makes up the posterior head region?

otic, occipital

otic

ear area

occipital

back and bottom of head

what makes up the posterior trunk region?

vertebral, scapular, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, gluteal

vertebral

spine

scapular

shoulder blade region

thoracic

back

lumbar

back from ribs to hips

sacral

lower back, sacrum

gluteal

buttocks

what makes up the upper extremity region? anterior and posterior

axillary, brachial, cubital, olecranon, ante brachial, carpal, digital, manual

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

cubital

elbow

olecranon

bump of elbow

ante brachial

lower arm

carpal

wrist area

digital

fingers

manual

hand area

what makes up the lower extremity region? anterior and posterior

femoral, geniculate, patellar, popliteal, fibular (peroneal), crural, sural, tarsal, calcaneal, pedal, dorsum, plantar, digital

femoral

front of thigh

geniculate

knee

patellar

front of knee

popliteal

back of knee

fibular (peroneal)

lateral lower leg

curral

lower leg

sural

calf region

tarsal

ankle region

calcanea

heal of foot

pedal

foot area

dorsum

top of foot

plantar

sole of foot

digital

toe area

what are the divisions of the abdomen?

upper left and right quadrant, lower left and right quadrants

what is in the lower right quadrant?

appendix, cecum

what is in the upper right quadrant?

liver, gallbladder, duodenum

what is in the upper left quadrant?

stomach, pancreas, spleen

what is in the lower left quadrant?

descending and sigmoid colon

what is a median (midsagittal) plane?

a section down the midline (spinal MRI)

what is a parasagittal plane?

parallel to midline of body but not on midline

what is a frontal/coronal plane?

a section that divides the ventral and dorsal surfaces

what is a horizontal plane?

a sectional front to back horizontally (cut in half)

what makes up the dorsal body cavities?

cranial cavity, vertebral cavity

what makes up the ventral body cavities?

thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, serous membranes

thoracic cavity

mediastinum (between lungs), pleural cavity (lungs), pericardial cavity (heart)

abdominal cavity

peritoneal cavity (organs), retroperiotineal cavity

serous membranes

outer layer - parietal, inner layer - visceral

integumentary system

skin, dermis, glands

skeletal system

bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

endocrine system

pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, ovaries, testes, and pancreas,

cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels, blood,

lymphatic system

vessels, nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph tissues

respiratory system

nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, lungs, bronchi

digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra,

reproductive system male

testes, prostate, scrotum, penis, duct system,

reproductive system female

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina,

what is the function of serous membranes?

fluid between allows for frictionless movement

what is the function of the integumentary system?

regulation and protection, prevents water loss

what is the function of the skeletal system

protection and support, blood cell production