Organisational Change Theorists

Who suggested that both internal and external forces drive change and are interconnected, influencing the direction of change

Buelens et al 2002

Who proposed 3-phase model

Lewins 1958

Who developed 8 step model

Kotters 1996

Who argued that planned change can be rigid and slow, assuming a level of control and predictability that rarely exists?

Pettigrew 1990

Who stated that planned change misses the complex, messy steps that real change involves?

Cummings & Huse 1989

Who argued that planned change ignores the reality that power struggles and internal politics are a normal part of how organizations function

Pfeffer 1992

Who emphasized that emergent change reflects shifting conditions and is more adaptable, rather than following a predetermined path?

Dunphy & Stance 1992

Who suggested that distributed leadership fosters innovation and engagement, especially in complex environments, as a positive of emergent change?

Burnes 2017

Who argued that emergent change lacks clear direction and coordination, leading to uneven results if efforts are not aligned?

Burnes 2017

Who proposed the hybrid mindset, where effective change stems from setting broad directions while remaining open to feedback and employee-led innovation?

Mintzberg & Waters 1985