COMP 126 Chaps 1-3

Is a set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task

program

What are examples of programming?

Microsoft word, powerpoint

Programs are commonly referred to as ________

software

individuals that create computer software

Programmers and software developers

The physical devices that a computer is made are referred to as the computer's ________

hardware

Program is the term used when the computer performs the tasks the program tells it to do

Running and executing

What is ENIAC??

-World's first programmable
-Built in 1945
-Designed to calculate artillery ballistic tables for the U.S Army

Computer stores the program that is running as well as the data

Random-access memory (RAM)

A computer can read the contents of ROM, but it cannot change its contents, or store additional data here; nonvolatile type of memory

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

-Type of memory that can hold data for long periods of time
-Programs and important data are stored in secondary storage

Secondary Storage Devices

Data is stored by magnetically encoding it onto a circular disk

Disk drive

-No moving parts
-Operates faster than a traditional disk drive

Solid-State drives

Small devices that plug into the computer's universal serial bus port

USB drives

-Data is encoded as a series of pits on the disc's surface
-holds large amounts of data

Optical devices

storing it on a remote server via the internet, or via a company's private network.

Cloud storage

Any data the computer collects from people and from other devices

input

hardware component that collects the data

input device

Any data the computer produces for people or for other devices

output

The hardware component that formats and presents the data is

output device

Everything in a computer does is controlled by ______

software

Programs that control and manage the basic operations of a computer are referred to as

system software

controls the internal operations of the computer’s hardware and manages all of the devices connected to the computer.

Operating system

Programs perform a specialized task that enhances the computer’s operation or safeguards data

Utility programs

Programs that people normally spend most of their time running on their computers performing everyday tasks are

application software

What are examples of application software?

-Word processing
-Spreadsheet
-Database
-Presentation

A computer’s memory is divided into tiny storage locations known as

bytes

A byte is divided into eight smaller storage locations

bits

A positive charge is similar to a switch in the ____ position

on

A negative charge is similar to a switch in the ____ position

off

The positive charge or the ____ position is represented by the digit 1 (storing numbers)

on

The negative charge or the ____ position is represented by the digit 1 (storing numbers)

off

The largest value that can be stored in a byte with eight bits is _____

255

Two bytes are used for larger numbers; maximum value is

65535

Characters are stored in the computer's memory as binary number

Storing characters

Coding Scheme

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Extensive encoding scheme

Unicode

Binary numbering system can be used to represent only integer numbers

Advanced Number Storage

Negative numbers are encoded using ______

two's complement

Real numbers are encoded using __________

Floating-point notation

Data that is stored binary

Digital data

any device that works with binary data

digital device

Digital images are composed of tiny dots of color known as _______

pixels

Digital sound is broken into small pieces known as ________

samples

CPU only understands instructions written in _________

machine language

The entire set of instructions that a CPU can execute is known as the CPU's

instruction set

term used when the CPU executes the instructions in a program

Fetch-decode-execute cycle

The Fetch-decode-execute cycle

-Fetch
-Decode
-Execute

used that are known as mnemonics

Assembly languages

Used to translate an assembly language program to machine language

Assembler

Create powerful and complex programs without knowing how the CPU works, using words that are easily to understand

High-level languages

Specific meaning and purpose in the programming language

Key words and reserved words

Perform various operations of data

Operators

Set of rules that must be strictly followed when writing a program

Syntax

Individual instructions written in a programming language

Statements

The statements written in a high-level language are called

source code

syntax error consists as

-Mispelled word
-Missing punctuation character
-Incorrect use of an operator

programs that translates a high-level language program into a separate machine language program

Compiler

program that both translates and executes the instructions in a high-level language program

Interpreter

Programs that make a computer useful for daily tasks

Application software

What are examples of application software??

-Microsoft word
-Email programs
-web browsers

The first step in programming is creating a ________

Flowchart or psedocode

After the executable is created, which specific error can occur??

Logic error

What happens if logic errors occur?

the program must become debugged

-A fake code or chart
-No syntax rules
-Can create in a word doc

pseudocode

A diagram that shows the codes step by step

Flowcharts

Use connectors to split in sections into multiple flowcharts and placing it side by side

Flowchart connector symbol

All code must be cleared of all

syntax errors

After the executable is created, it can be checked for

logic errors

If logic errors exist, the program must be

debugged

data that is designed that is generated and displayed

output

data that a program receives

input

storage locations in memory for data

Variables

Computer programs typically follow 3 steps.

1. Input is received
2. Some process is performed
3. Output is produced

Describes the input, processing, and output of a program.

IPO Chart

is the keyword to show output to the screen

Display

lines execute in the order they appear

Sequence

sequence of characters

String literals

keyword to take values from the user of the program

Input

includes a variable's name and a variable's data type

variable declaration

defines the type of data you intend to store in a variable

Data type

Which specific variable stores only whole numbers?

Integer

Which specific variable stores whole or decimal numbers?

Real

Which specific variable is any series of characters?

String

For safety and to avoid logic errors, variables should be _________ to 0 or some other value.

Initialized

Name that represents a value that cannot be changed

Named constant

simple debugguing process for locating hard to find errors in a program

hand tracing

Describes aspects of the program for the user, sometimes written by a technical writer.

External documentation

Explains how parts of program works for the programmer

Internal documentation/comments

Integers in the range of -32.368 to +32, 767

short

Integers in the range of -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647

int

Integers in the range of –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807

long

Floating-point numbers in the range of ±3.4 * 10-38 to ±3.4 * 1038, with 7 digits of accuracy

float

Floating-point numbers in the range of ±1.7 * 10-308 to ±1.7 * 10308, with 15 digits of accuracy

double

Strings of text

String

a group of statements that exists for the purpose of performing a specific task within a program

module

What are benefits of using modules

-Simpler code
-Code reuse
-Better testing
-Faster development
-Easier facillitaion of teamwork
-Easier maintenance

The code for a module is known as a module definition

Module showMessage()
Display "Hello world."
End Module

To execute the module, you write a statement that calls it.

Call showMessage()

What are the rules when creating a module?

No spaces in a module name.
No punctuation.
Cannot begin with a number.

What parts contain in a module?

-A header
The starting point of the module
- A body