Week 3: An Introduction to Acid and Base and pH Unit of Normality

What are the three definitions of acids and bases?

1⃣ Arrhenius: Acid = H3O+ producer, Base = OH- producer.

2⃣ Brønsted-Lowry: Acid = H+ donor, Base = H+ acceptor.

3⃣ Lewis: Acid = Electron pair acceptor, Base = Electron pair donor.

What are the three ways to measure pH in the lab?

1⃣ pH meter → Most precise, digital reading.

2⃣ Acid-base indicator → Changes color, less precise.

3⃣ pH paper → Quick estimate, least precise.

What’s the formula for pH and pOH?

✔ pH = -log [H+]

✔ pOH = -log [OH-]

✔ pH + pOH = 14

How do you calculate Normality (N) from Molarity (M)?

N = M ( # of H+ or OH- per molecule/ equivalents )

How do you find the pH of a normality-based acid solution?

Convert N → M, then use pH = -log [H+].

What’s the difference between equivalence point and end point?

✔ Equivalence Point: When moles of acid = moles of base.Acid completely neutralized

✔ End Point: When the indicator changes color.