Grade 11 Bio Exam diversity

**Biological classification**

Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

**Taxonomy**

**classifying based on shared characteristics**

**Charles** **Darwin**

(1809-1882) Theory of the Survival of the Fittest

__Morphology__

Size and shape of an organism

__Cellular Organization__

Structures of cells and how they differ from other organisms (plants have chloroplasts, some cells have a nucleus, etc) 

__Evolutionary Relationships__

Family tree- how we are closely related to monkeys

Different species are related to each other according to evolutionary or ancestral history. Ex-humans and their relatives 

__Embryological Similarities__

We all look very similar when we start and then develop into the organisms we are. Embryos help tells who has a closer genetic relationship- they share a common ancestor which is why they tend to look similar 

__Biochemical Similarities__

The evidence of how many forms of life diverge from one common ancestor. Biologically we are very similar

__Genetic Similarities-__

The extent to which family members are similar to one another, takes into account chromosomes, XY cells, XX cells, etc DNA similarities between organisms (Adel and Aidan) 

**Binomial nomenclature**

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The system of assigning a scientific name that consists of two parts 

The scientific name always consists of two words: the genus and the species 

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**Phylogeny**

The evolution history of an organism

Domains

Eukarya , Archea, Bacteria

Viruses

Viruses are not made of cells

They consist of two parts- DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

The capsid is the protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA

**Viral Capsid**

Made of protein that enable virus to enter a host cell

Capsid has particular shape that must match receptors on the surface of the host cell

When virus attaches to these receptors they cell is tricked into letting the virus inside

How do viruses reproduce

1. __Lytic Cycle__- Virus replicates themselves immediately killing the host cell (bursts)- Fast
2. __Lysogenic Cyc____**le**__- Virus replicates themselves in a way that does not kill host cell- Long

EndoSymbiotic Theory

The endosymbiotic theory posits that some eukaryotic cell organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids, evolved from free-living prokaryotes. Available data indicate that the mitochondrial endosymbiosis initiated the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, as suggested by Margulis.

Animila

Multicelluar, sexual and asexual reproduction, moltile,

Fungi

Multicelluar, chitin sell walls, sexual and asexual reproduction. hetrerotroph(mushrooms, yeast)

Plantae

Multicelluar, Autotrophs, cellwalls of celluose, (trees, flowers, grass)

Protista

Multicelluar, asexual or sexual reproduction, (alage. ameobas)

Archea Bacteria

unicellular, asexual, found in intense enviroments, cannot tolerate oxyegen/annorebic, (thermophiles, halophiles)

Eubacteria

Unicelluar, asexual and sexual, aids in human congestion, autotrophs or heterotrophs (e. coli, samenela)