bio final studying (complete) (copy)

giant impact hypothesis

4.5 billion years ago earth was struck by theia, an object the size of mars, intense heat created and massive amounts of debris from both bodies, projected into space, debris coalesced as it orbits earth forming the moon

spring tide (king tide)

refers to springing forth of the tide during new and full moon

neap tide

7 days after spring tide, refers to a period of moderate tides when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other

stardust

humans are made from ___

Sir David Cecil Smith

a British botanist

endosymbiosis

Cheshire cat analogy

archaeplastida

distinguished by the presence of primary plastids, the photosynthetic organelles deriving directly from cyanobacteria by endosymbiosis; the three main groups with primary plastids are the green algae and land plants, red algae, and glaucophyte algae

cell walls

-bacteria (peptidoglycan), cyanobacteria peptidoglycan, plants cellulose
-archaea (lack peptidoglycan), S-layer: a part of the cell envelope found in almost all archaea, as well as in many types of bacteria, consists of a macromolecular layer composed of identical proteins or glycoproteins, pseudomurein, cytoplasmic membrane
-Fungi, chitin

domain eukaryota

ester-linked lipids, various structures

cyanophora paradoxa

genome elucidates origin of photosynthesis in algae and plants

phagocytosis

-the process by which a cell uses its plasmid membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome
- a section of the macrophage invaginates (folds in) and engulfs a pathogen, the invaginated section, with the pathogen inside, then pinches itself off from the plasma membrane and becomes a vesicle, the vesicle fuses with a lysosome, the lysosome's hydrolytic enzymes then destroy life

hypothesized endosymbiosis

___ leads to chloroplast evolution and subsequent divergence

tershiary (cryptophytes)

3 degree endosymbiosis -> ate a 2nd endosymbiosis organism; own nucleus, mitochondria, plasmid, remnants of nucleus that it engulfs

Euglena

lives in 2 degree endosymbiosis; engulfed a primary endosymbiosis and an organism that engulfed that one; chloroplast with 3 cell membranes; can ingest and digest other cells

Paramecium bussaria

phospholipid membrane of cell is leaking, losing about half of the sugar they had

endosymbiosis origin of mitochondria

aerobic bacteria resisted digestion and thrived

metagenomics

the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples

photosynthetic pigment

a pigment that is present in chloroplasts or photosynthetic bacteria and captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis

meta

transcendent

metagenomics

___circumvents the unculturally and genomic diversity in most microbes, the biggest roadblocks to advances in clinic and environmental microbiology

carotenoids (organic pigment)

absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis, and protect chlorophyll from photo damage; serves these roles in plants, algae, bacteria, and fungi; chlorophyll A peak in dark blue and red; chlorophyll B peak in light blue and orange; carotenoids peak in light blue to green

photodamage

a photosynthetic organism is subjected to photo-oxidative stress when more light energy is absorbed than is used in photosynthesis

fucoxanthin

a xanthophyll found as an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, giving them a brown or olive green color

corotinoids

eggs yellow because of ___ (antioxidants)

photo-oxidative stress

photosynthetic organism is subject to ___ when more light energy is absorbed than is used in photosynthesis

oxygen-free radicals; unpaired electrons

photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration generate ___ (reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and superoxide anion-molecular oxygen which has lost one of its ___ making it very reactive

antioxidants

leaves come up red at spring through ___

pink lake bacteria

Salinibacter ruber bacteria

bacterioruberin

helps the organism harvest light for energy, spread across the entire bacterial cell

Salinibacter

produces an unusual carotenoid, Salinixanthia that forms a light antenna and transfers energy to the retinal group of xanthorhopospin, a light driver protein pump

photosystem antenna systems

___ collect and efficiently deliver energy while minimizing photodamage

vitamin D

humans get solar energy through ___ which is utilized in macrophages, cognitive function, and regulates autoimmune responses

epigenetics

the sunlight itself controls the expression of all sorts of genes such as calcium homeostasis, antioxidants, serotonin, inflammation, and mitochondrial protons

Konstantin Mereschkowski and Lynn Margulis

endosymbiosis theory

lichens

fungi = algae = symbiosis

fungi

myco

lichens

mycobiont + photobiont

lichen photobionts

most species green algae and/or cyanobacteria

oxidizing

the modern atmosphere is ___

amino acids

precursor to life

void of

early atmosphere was ___ O2

humans

___ also do anaerobic metabolism

mitochondrion

oxidative phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

the subsequent rise of atmospheric oxygen approx. 2.4 bya revolutionized the energetic and enzymatic fundamentals of life

green algae and cyanobacteria

two types of photosymbionts

green algae

closer to surface

cyanobacteria

more on inside, capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen to solid things they can use by nitrogen fixation

nitrogen concentration

79% in air, 63% in water

triple

N2 is a ___ bond

NO

the oxidized form of N2

NH

the reduced form of N2

atmospheric nitrogen fixation

N2 -> NO- -> NO2- -> NO3-

biological nitrogen fixation

a process where N2 is reduced to NH3 which is preferred by plants and is produced without O2

heterocyst

specialized nitrogen-fixing cells formed during N starvation by some filamentous cyanobacteria

anaerobic environment

extra glycoprotein cell wall + O- scavenging proteins

16

Dinitrogen has ___ ATPs

no

there are ___ heterocysts when NO3 is present

the same amount

human fix roughly ___ of nitrogen as diazotrophs

NH4

created from insects in pitcher flowers to produce photosynthesis and other life-sustaining practices

bog

a peatland with a major part of its area (along with its rooting zone) out of reach of water that has been in contact with mineral soil since it fell as rain or snow (acidic bc rainwater is acidic)

sphagman

a genus of approx. 380 accepted species of mosses commonly known as "peat mosses"

azolla

aquatic ferns

red; rust

___ parts of iron are oxidized; commonly called ___; this is an early example of photosynthesis

20%

the modern atmosphere has ___ O2

stromatolites

layers of cyanobacteria

ecological community

a naturally occurring group of native plants, animals, and other organisms that are interacting in a unique habitat

Lake Maracaibo

___ is the most lightning prone place; Catatumbo lightning; more ozone is produced here

dinitrogen as well as oxygen pairs

can be bused up by lightning

O3 ozone

can be created since the oxygens are so reactive and ozone is constantly forming and reforming

photosynthesis

ozone led to ___

boring billion

1.8 and 0.8 Ga in earth's history that is characterized by environmental, evolutionary, and lithospheric stability

decrease; less

there is a major ___of light in water; ___ UV

ozone layer

protects earth from UV radiation; absorbs oxygen and turns it into heat

release of heat by breaking bonds

ozone created when the sun's rays split oxygen molecules into single atoms which causes a ___

increases

the stratosphere ___ in warmth with elevation because ozone gases in the upper layers absorb intense UV radiation from the sun

greenhouse gases

___ absorb warmth which heats up the earth-> heat being held in and UV being filtered out

the middle of continents

oldest rock found in ___

Canadian Shield

the oldest rocks on earth

Acasta Gneiss

tonalite gneiss in the Slave Craton in Canada (3.58-4.031 bya)

granite batholiths

___ have much longer longevity, they can exist 100x longer then the mountain to which they gave birth

granite

coarse-grained igneous rock

deep

bath

stone

lith

grain

gran

1.8 bya

penokean range

together

sym

living

biosis

chloroplasts

remnants of organelles that were photosynthetic

symbiodinium

provide glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, lipids, and amino acids, and supports calcification

increase

___ pH to have carbonate

increase

coral pump protons out to ___ carbonate, they pump hydrogen out to combine with calcium (coral calcification)

symbiosome

pouch that holds algal cells

dinoflagellates

unicellular and possess two dissimilar flagella arising from the ventral cell side

bleached coral

when coral is stressed, it expels its symbionts into the water which gives it more time to regather new symbionts (typically bc no sunlight) and can pick strains of symbionts that are better existing at those lesser light levels to aid in evolution

zooxanthellae

brown algal photobionts

nettle, stinging

niderea

termites

have protists in their gut and the symbionts of the protists digest the wood, biological nitrogen fixation occurs from this

spyrochete

bacteria in Australian termites that forms a coordinated swimming structure

multicellularity

occurs all across the diversity of life; has evolved multiple times across many clades defined in the loosest sense, as an aggregation of cells, ___ has evolved in at least 25 lineages, however, even when defined more strictly - requiring the cells to have connection, communication, and cooperation - it has still notably evolved once in animals, 3 times in fungi, 6 times in algae, and multiple times in bacteria

endolithic cyanobacteria

live in limestone (ancient seabed that creates basic living conditions) in order to dissolve away limestone, as they etch away the limestone, they transfer calcium into the tips, calcium weathered away to produce a lower pH to break down limestone (calcium carbonate has endolithic cyanobacteria in coral reefs)