By 124L slides exam 1

Q: What are the three domains of life? 

A: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Q: What are key characteristics of Bacteria and Archaea? 

A: They are prokaryotic cells, lack membrane-bound organelles, and have relatively simple structures. Bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, which is unique to them.

Q: How are Archaea more closely related to Eukarya? 

A: Based on similarities in protein synthesis and histones.

Q: What environments are protists typically found in? 

A: Wet or moist environments.

Q: What are the general characteristics of protists? 

A: They are eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, can be solitary or colonial, and have various life strategies and trophic positions.

Q: What is unique about the supergroup Excavata? 

A: They have excavated grooves on one side of the cellular body and include some of the most primitive eukaryotes.

Q: What are some characteristics of Kingdom Diplomonadida under the Supergroup Excavata? 

A: They lack plastids, have mitosomes (reduced mitochondria), and typically engage in anaerobic respiration.

Q: What is a notable example of an organism in Kingdom Diplomonadida?  

Giardia

Q: What are Hydrogenosomes and which kingdom under Excavata has them? 

A: Hydrogenosomes are reduced mitochondria found in Kingdom Parabasala, associated with releasing hydrogen and forming some ATP.

Q: What disease is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, and which kingdom does it belong to? 

A: It causes a sexually transmitted disease, and it belongs to Kingdom Parabasala.

Q: What is distinctive about Kingdom Euglenozoa under Excavata? 

A: They have flagella with a crystalline rod and occupy various trophic positions.

Q: What is a kinetoplast and which phylum under Euglenozoa is it associated with? 

A: A kinetoplast is a mass of DNA within a single mitochondrion, associated with Phylum Kinetoplastida.

Q: What is an example of a disease caused by a species in Phylum Kinetoplastida? 

A: Chagas’ disease, caused by Trypanosoma species.

Q: What characterizes Phylum Euglenophyta under Kingdom Euglenozoa? 

A: They have 1 or 2 flagella, are mixotrophs, and possess chlorophyll a & b along with a pellicle that maintains shape.

Q: What are the key features of Supergroup SAR clade? 

A: It includes Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians.

Q: What characterizes Kingdom Stramenopila under SAR? 

A: They have hair-like projections on their flagella and include autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Q: What are diatoms and which phylum under Stramenopila do they belong to?  

A: Diatoms are unicellular organisms with cell walls made of hydrated silica, belonging to Phylum Bacillariophyta.

Q: What are the characteristics of Phylum Chrysophyta under Stramenopila? 

A: Also known as golden algae, they have yellow and brown carotenoids and can form environmentally resistant cysts.

Q: What is Phaeophyta and what are its key characteristics? 

A: Phaeophyta is brown algae, which is multicellular, found in cold water currents, and includes kelp.

Q: What are Oomycota and how do they differ from true fungi? 

A: Oomycota are water molds/egg fungi with cellulose in their cell walls and are diploid dominant, unlike true fungi.

Q: What are alveolates and which supergroup do they belong to?  

A: Alveolates have alveoli just under the plasma membrane, and they belong to Supergroup SAR, Kingdom Alveolata.

Q: What are Dinoflagellates and which phylum do they belong to? 

A: Dinoflagellates are characterized by cellulose in their cell walls and grooves with two flagella, belonging to Phylum Dinoflagellata.

Q: What are apicomplexans and their key characteristics? 

A: Apicomplexans are animal endoparasites with complex life cycles, including sexual and asexual stages, and an apical complex for penetrating RBCs.

Q: What are ciliophorans and their unique feature? 

A: Ciliophorans are predators with cilia covering their exterior, aiding in locomotion and feeding.

Q: Which kingdom under the supergroup Rhizaria uses pseudopodia for movement? 

A: Kingdom Cercozoa.

Q: What are Radiolaria and their key characteristic? 

A: Radiolaria are marine-dwelling protists with a glass-like appearance due to silica in their internal skeleton.

Q: What is the main feature of Foraminifera and their environmental role? 

A: Foraminifera have shells of hardened calcium carbonate (tests) and contribute to sediment deposition, like in the White Cliffs of Dover.

Q: What is Archaeplastida and what does it include? 

A: Archaeplastida is a supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.

Q: What characterizes Kingdom Rhodophyta under Archaeplastida? 

A: Red algae with phycoerythrin, which gives them their red coloration, and they store carbohydrates as Floridian starch.

Q: What are the characteristics of Kingdom Chlorophyta? 

A: Green algae with chloroplasts similar to land plants, primarily freshwater, and store carbohydrates as starch.

Q: What is Unikonta and what does it include? 

A: Unikonta is a supergroup that includes amoebas, slime molds, and fungi-like organisms.

Q: What is the key feature of Phylum Myxogastrida under Kingdom Amoebozoa? 

A: Plasmodial slime molds with a coenocytic mass, meaning many nuclei share a continuous cytoplasm.

Q: What are cellular slime molds and which phylum do they belong to? 

A: They belong to Phylum Dictyostelida and have a feeding stage where they exist as solitary cells.

Q: What are tubulinids and where are they commonly found? 

A: Tubulinids are a large and diverse group of amoebas found in soil, freshwater, and marine environments.

Q: What is Entamoeba and which phylum does it belong to?  

A: Entamoeba is a genus of parasitic amoebas that belong to Phylum Entamoeba, known for causing diseases like amoebic dysentery.

Q: What is an example of a cellular slime mold? 

A: Kingdom Amoebozoa, Phylum Dictyostelida.

Q: What is a plasmodial slime mold and which phylum does it belong to? 

A: A plasmodial slime mold belongs to Phylum Myxogastrida under Kingdom Amoebozoa.

Q: What are the main supergroups covered in this lecture? 

A: Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta.