Chapter 14 Human Change over time (copy)

Archaeological

Relating to the scientific study of human history and prehistory and their culture from the analysis of fossil remains and artefacts

Archaic

Very old or ancient

Assimilation (partial replacement) model

A model to explain the origin of present day humans. This model propose that all living humans has an African origin and when they migrated out of Africa, there was occasional interbreeding with archaic humans that were already living in other parts of the world, resulting in hybrid populations

Bipedal

Describes an animal that walks on two legs

Coexisted

Existed at the same time and place

Foramen magnum

The hole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord connect of the brain

Gracile

Slender, thin build

Hominid

A member of the family Hominidae, which includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans

Hominin

A member of the tribe Hominini, which include modern humans, extinct Homo species and our bipedal ancestors (e.g Australopithecus, Parahropus and Ardipithecus)

Hominini

The taxonomic tribe that includes modern humans, extinct humans species and our bipedal ancestors (e.g Australopithecus, Parahropus and Ardipithecus)

Hominoid

A member of the superfami;y Homindea, which includes humans, great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos) and lesser apes (gibbons)

Hominoidea

The taxonomic superfamily that includes humans, great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos) and lesser apes (gibbons)

Homo

The genus of anthropoid mammals of which humans (homo sapiens) are the only living species; includes numerous extinct species and subspecies, such as neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis) H. erectus, H. ergaster and H. habilis

Interbreeding

The mating of two different species

Multiregional evolution (continuity) model

A model used to explain the origins of modern humans. This theory proposes significant migration of homo erectus across Africa, Asia and Europe for the last 1.8 million years. Isolation between the populations resulting in the divergence of biology and behaviour, but occasional contact ensured gene flow was maintained and led to concurrent evolution of all groups of all groups into homo sapiens

Out of Africa (replacement) model

A model to explain the origins of modern humans. This model proposes that all living modern humans evolved from a single common ancestor in Africa about 200 000 years ago and as they spread throughout the world they displaced all other human species

Palentolopothy

A  branch of anthropology that involves the study of fossil hominins, contributing to our knowledge of human evolution

Primate

A member of the order Primates, which includes humans, great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos), lesser apes (gibbons), monkeys (old world monkeys and New World monkeys) and prosimians (lemurs, tarsiers and lorises)

Subspecies

Populations within a species that show genetic differences across a geographical range.