Botany Fungi

Common traits

Heterotrophic (lack chlorophyll, extracellular digestion, cell walls contain chitin, most are multicellular, mycelium, reproduce using spores.

Mycelium

Composed of individual filaments called hyphae, Septate= with dividing walls, aseptate/coenocytic = without dividing walls.

Kingdom Fungi

Phylums: Chytridomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Deuteromycota, Glomeromycota

Phylum Chytridiomycota-chytrid fungi

Most primitive group of fungi, mostly one-celled, some are parasitic others are saprobic (feed on nonliving organic material), some are spherical cell with colorless rhizoids for anchorage, some develop short hyphae or complete mycelia that is coenocytic. (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis- cause of global amphibian decline)

Phylum Zygomycota - bread molds

more complex, multicellular, most are decomposers, some are parasites of plants and animals, coenocytic hyphae with numerous haploid nuclei, undergo sexual and asexual reproduction, (+) and (-) strains of hyphae. Causes food spoilage, used to ferment sake, inoculate soybeans to make tempeh, uses in pharmaceuticals and pigments.

Zygomycota- Asecual reproduction

Sporangiophores grow upright and produce sporangia at tips.

Zygomycota - Sexual reproduction

when (+) and (-) mating strains meet, progametangia swell be become gametangia, gametangia merge, forming multinucleate coenozygote when nuclei of two strains fuse, thick-walled zygosporangium forms (contains multiple diploid nuclei), can remain dormant for months, meiosis formed spores in sporangia on sporangiophores. (Zygotic life cycle characteristic of kingdom Fungi).

Phylum Ascomycota - sac fungi

Multicellular, septate hyphae, many are decomposers/saprobes, some are pathogens of plants and animals, some for mycorrhizal associaitions, yeasts (unicellular), undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction.

Ascomycota - sexual reproduction

Different strains of hyphae interact, producing male antheridia and female ascogonia, form where where two hyphae connect, male nuclei migrate into ascogoniun where nuclei pair but do not unite, forms dikaryotic hyphae (n+n), Ascogenous hyphae (containing one male and one female nucleus) grow from ascogonium, ascot forms, with hymenia layer composed of sacs called asci, in the ascus two nuclei just to produce a diploid zygote that undergoes meiosis, forming 8 ascospores per ascus.