Biology 1 HN EOC Exam South Carolina 2025
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157 Terms
What is a biotic factor?
A living thing, e.g., frog, fish, human, grass.
What is an abiotic factor?
A nonliving thing, e.g., rocks, water, air.
What are limiting factors?
Factors in the environment that can limit the growth of a population in an ecosystem.
Describe predation.
One organism eats the other.
Describe competition.
Organisms competing for resources.
Describe symbiosis.
A relationship or interaction between two different organisms.
Describe mutualism.
Both organisms benefit.
Describe commensalism.
One organism benefits, the other is unharmed.
Describe parasitism.
One organism benefits, the other is harmed.
Define population in terms of ecology.
Groups of individuals of the same species.
What is population density and how is it calculated?
The number of individuals of a species living in a specific area is calculated by dividing the total population size by the total area it occupies.
What are density-dependent limiting factors? Give examples.
Factors that impact the population size because of the density, e.g., disease, predation, competition, and parasitism.
Factors that impact the population, regardless of its size, e.g., weather, pollution.
What are density-independent limiting factors? Give examples.
What is carrying capacity?
The maximum number of individuals the environment can support over time.
What impacts can humans have on ecosystems?
Pollution, deforestation, and hunting all reduce populations because humans disrupt, misuse, and pollute the resources they need to survive.
What are invasive species? How do they negatively affect native species?
Invasive species are organisms that disrupt the ecosystem. Because they aren’t native, the ecosystem doesn’t know how to adapt, often ending in extreme consequences.
How does human population growth impact habitat loss/deforestation?
Humans cut down trees to build, which provide homes and food for many animals.
How does human population growth impact pollution?
Polluted water comes from human waste and trash, and can make organisms sick if they drink it; they can also get sick from dirty air or swallowing trash.
How does human population growth impact agriculture?
Removing farmland to build roads and buildings.
How does human population growth impact the rate of extinction?
Reducing organism populations; pollution, getting run over by cars, etc.
How does human population growth impact biodiversity?
Decreasing biodiversity as animals and plants continue to go extinct.
Define population in terms of ecology.
Groups of individuals (same species)
What are density-dependent limiting factors? Give examples.
Factors that impact population size include population density. They become more impactful as the population density rises. Ex: disease, competition, predation
What are density-independent limiting factors? Give examples.
Factors that impact the population size, regardless of the population size. Ex: natural disasters, drought
What is carrying capacity?
The maximum number of individuals the environment can support over time
How does competition for food affect carry capacity?
A Limited food supply restricts the number of individuals that can survive
How does availability of space affect carrying capacity?
Not enough space lowers the carrying capacity. Individuals who are too crowded cannot survive and get what they need.
How does predation affect carrying capacity?
When there are too many predators, fewer organisms are which can impact the food chain
What happens during Interphase's G1 Phase?
The Cell grows and synthesizes proteins
What happens during Interphase's S Phase?
Chromosomes replicate
What happens during Interphase's G2 Phase?
The cell continues to grow and produce proteins
What happens during Mitotic Phase's Prophase?
Chromosomes condense, Nuclear membrane disappears, and Spindle fibers form from centromeres
What happens during Mitotic Phase's Metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, and Spindle fibers connect the centromere of each sister chromatid to the poles of the cell
What happens during Mitotic Phase's Anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate, and Separated chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
What happens during Mitotic Phase's Telophase?
Chromosomes uncoil, and A nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes Spindle fibers break down
What happens during Mitotic Phase's Cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm into two cells
How is cytokinesis different in animal vs. plant cells?
The cell plate forms in plants, and the cleavage furrow forms in animals
What type and number of cells are produced after Mitosis?
Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells
If each human cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will there be going through mitosis?
Mitosis will produce cells with 46 chromosomes.
What is divided during mitosis vs. cytokinesis?
The nucleus is divided during mitosis, while the cytoplasm is divided during cytokinesis.
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types.
What does it mean when a stem cell differentiates?
The process by which stem cells become specialized to perform a specific function.
How do embryonic stem cells help us grow and develop from a single cell into a baby?
They support development by differentiating into all the specialized cells in the human body.
Why is the use of embryonic stem cells in research controversial?
The use of embryonic stem cells is controversial because of ethical concerns regarding the source of the embryos and the destruction of human life.
What is the function of the p53 gene in humans?
The p53 gene acts as a tumor suppressor by halting cell growth and promoting DNA repair or apoptosis (cell death) in response to cellular stress.
At what point in the cell cycle is the p53 gene active?
The p53 gene is most active during the G1 phase of the cell cycle, before DNA replication begins, allowing it to assess DNA damage and prevent its propagation.
Why are taller people more likely to develop cancer than shorter people?
Taller people have more cells, which means more cell divisions throughout their lifetime, increasing the chances of accumulating DNA mutations that can lead to cancer.
Why are we more likely to develop cancer the older we get?
The risk of cancer increases with age due to the accumulation of DNA mutations over time.
What do cancer cells that grow out of control form?
Cancer cells that grow out of control form a mass called a tumor.
What is the monomer of nucliec acid?
Nucleic Acid
Are nucleotides different in humans than in other organisms?
No
Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA
DNA: Types - DNA Nitrogenous bases - A T C G Type of sugar - Deoxyribose Location - Nucleus RNA: Types - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Nitrogenous bases - A U C G Type of sugar - Ribose Location - Ribosome, Nucleus, Cytosol, Rough ER
What information is contained within a chromosome?
DNA
What is a chromosome composed of?
DNA + proteins
How are chromosomes related to proteins?
Chromosomes contain the instructions for making proteins.
What is a gene?
A gene is a short DNA segment containing the instructions for building a specific protein or RNA molecule.
In which molecule are genes found?
DNA
What is DNA replication?
DNA replication is the process by which a cell creates an identical copy of its DNA before it divides
Where does DNA replication occur?
Nucleus
Which enzyme unwinds and unzips DNA?
Helicase
Which enzyme adds free nucleotides to the template DNA strands?
Polymerase
Describe the Central Dogma.
DNA → RNA → Protein
What process uses DNA as a template to make RNA?
Transcription
Translation
What process uses mRNA as a template to make proteins?
Where in the cell does translation occur?
Cytoplasm
On which organelle does translation occur?
Ribosomes
What is a codon?
A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides (A, U, C, or G in RNA) that codes for a specific amino acid.
For what does one codon code?
An amino acid or stop/start signal
Are amino acids different in humans than in other organisms?
No
Can you use the same codon chart to determine the amino acids for humans, fungi, and bacteria?
Yes
What is the function of tRNA?
tRNA makes sure the genetic information encoded in mRNA is accurately translated into the amino acid sequence of the protein
What is an anticodon?
An anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides located on a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule.
What is a mutation?
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
What is a silent mutation and what is the result?
A silent mutation is a type of point mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed in the DNA sequence, but the resulting mRNA codon still codes for the same amino acid.
Which type of mutation involves substituting one nitrogenous base with another?
Point mutation
Which type of mutation occurs when one nitrogenous base is inserted or deleted, and the remainder of the amino acid sequence is changed and “read” incorrectly?
Frameshift mutation
What is the product of Replication?
DNA -> DNA
Where does Replication take place?
Nucleus
How does Replication take place?
Helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs (A-T and C-G). DNA polymerase adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand, following the base pairing rules (A with T, and C with G).
What is the product of Transcription?
DNA -> RNA
Where does Transcription take place?
Nucleus
How does Transcription take place?
RNA polymerase binds to a specific region of the DNA and moves along the DNA template strand, synthesizing an RNA molecule by adding complementary RNA nucleotides (A, U, C, G)
What is the product of Translation?
RNA -> Protein
Where does Translation take place?
Cytoplasm/Ribosomes
How does Translation take place?
tRNA molecules carrying specific amino acids enter the ribosome. Each tRNA's anticodon pairs with the complementary codon on the mRNA. A peptide bond is formed between the adjacent amino acids. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, reading each codon in sequence.
What is a diploid cell?
A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Are somatic cells diploid or haploid in humans?
Somatic cells are diploid in humans.
Are diploid cells produced during mitosis or meiosis?
Mitosis
What is formed when 2 gametes combine?
Zygote
What is a haploid cell?
A cell containing one set of chromosomes
Are Sex cells diploid or haploid in humans?
Sex cells are haploid in humans
Are haploid cells produced during mitosis or meiosis?
Meiosis
What are Homologous chromosomes?
Identical chromosomes
What is fertilization?
Egg and sperm
What type of cell is produced after fertilization?
Diploid
How many cells are produced in Mitosis?
2
What type of cell is produced in Mitosis?
Somatic
How many chromosomes are in the cells produced during Mitosis?
Diploid
What type of Reproduction is Mitosis?
Asexual
Is the DNA the same or different from the original cell in Mitosis?
same