whap: THE MEGA VOCAB SET

ying and yang

cosmic forces in daoism that need to be balanced by the emporer

zhu shi

created neo confucianism

neo confucianism

a teaching created by zhu shi that had beliefs from buddhism and daoists

yang jian

brought china into centralized rule/gov during the sui dynasty

the grand canal

sul yangdi takes over after yang jian and build this waterway that helps for internal trade in china during the sui dynasty

tang talzong

the second emporer of the tang dynasty who created a lot of success by maintaining these three things:

• well articulated transportation/communication systems (like horses roads and runners)

• the equal field system

• a bureaucracy based on merit

equal field system

part of what tang talzong maintained, it distributed land based on the land’s fertility and a persons needs (they could be adjusted later if things changed)

the middle kingdom

what china acted as during the tang and song dynasty, they established relations with neighboring lands through this title

ulghurs

people from turkic background, china brought them to control rebellions

foot binding

was used to make young girls more “attractive” by giving them smaller feet this method deformed the girls legs and was also used to take control away from them as they would struggle to even walk (done in china during tang and song dynasty when patriarchal structure was thriving)

wu zhao

an woman in china who went from concubine to empress, she was very smart and effective

she also promoted buddhism a lot and helped it become established in china

flying cash

the first paper money used in china - it could be used to deposit goods at one location and draw the equivalent elsewhere in china)

Mahayana Buddhism

the type of buddhism that diffused into china

the silk roads

how trade and diffusion occurred in asia (the main trade route)

dunhuang

the place in western china where there were many buddhists, this area helped establish buddhism in china

xuanzang

lived from 602-664 ce he was the only buddhist monk who traveled to india to visit the holy sites, his travel helped deepen the undertandinh of buddhism in china

chan buddhists

a type of buddhism in china which made a place for daoism values

pure land school

a type of buddhism in china which held out the prospect of personal salvation by devoting yourself to Buddha

• this is the type wu zhao was a part of!!!

shintoism

a native religion in japan that focused on the negation of ancestors and a host of spirits and deities

fujwara clan

the clan that controlled everything during the heian period in japan

murasaki shikibu

created the tale of genji which was a huge contribution to japanese literature because it was written in japanese syllabic script instead of chinese

taira and minamoto clans

the clans that lead to the decline of heian japan

shogun

a military governor that ruled in place of the emporer

kamakura and muromachi periods

the periods that make up medieval japan

samurai

professional warriors of japan who were specialists in things like martial arts

mecca and medina

all mahor afro eurasia trade routes passed by these two cities in arabia (they are also important to the orgins of islam)

mecca

specific city

scared to many arabs and is the center of polytheism in the classical period

it also is the location of the kaaba

it’s dominated by the quraysh tribe

kaaba

a holy shrine in islam religion located in mecca

quraysh tribe

dominated the mecca city

the tribe all the khalifas are from

Mohammed

THE religious political and military leader of islam

hashim family

the family mohammed is from

recite!

mohammed’s first vision, they were God’s words not his

Qu’ran

means recitation (the recitation of Mohammed’s recitation)

pact of medina - tolerance

being tolerant of others religions made by Mohammed while in medina

ummah

a continuity in islam, it’s the community of faithful muslims

building it in the focus of islam

abu bakr

first khalifa

omar

second khalifa

jihad

means political struggle

qadisiya and yarmuk wars

both wars are in 636 ce during omar’s rule they expanded the territory of the ummah

jizya tax

a tax put on non muslims to promotes conversion during omar’s rule (second khalifa)

jerusalem

in the context of islam

it’s the third holiest city after mecca and medina

tradition of plunder

made by omar where his armies can only take from opposing armies and defeated governments not the people

ulama

made by omar, muslim

scholars

shura

made by omar, a council to choose the next khalifa

othman/uthman

third khalifa, of the umayyad family and brought them to power but also finalized the Qu’ran and increased taxes which unfortunately led to his death

mu’awiyah

othman/uthmans favorite family member that everyone thought would be the fourth khalifa

he ended up not being the fourth kalifa and opposed the fourth one cause he wanted to be the next khalifa

ayesha

the name of mohammed’s youngest wife that opposed the fourth khalifa

ali

the fourth khalifa

arabic

becomes the official language of islam

five pillars of islam

mohammed is the ultimate prophet of the one God

regular prayer

give to poor

fast during Ramadan

go to mecca if able to

waqfs

an organization run by the ulama (they were paid well to be muslim scholars unlike the chinese burocracy)

shia vs sunni

one of the biggest continuity in islam

it’s between two branches

shia

a branch of islam that are supporters of ali’s descendants

they believe that the imam is supposed to rule

they believe that faith in the imam equals source of true islam

they opposed muslims that disagreed

karbala

the site of the death of ali’s grandson Hussein ibn Ali died

a holy site for shia

the imam

man connected to God in a special way had to be ali’s descendants

sunni

believe that mohammed was great bc of the Qu’ran and his lifestyle (the sunnah)

believe that following the Qu’ran and the sunnah equals being muslim

most muslims are this type

sunnah

exemplified in the five pillars of islam and recorded in the hadith, the way that mohammed lived his life which serves as a model or guide for muslims to live their lives

persians

didn’t like islamic culture bc they promoted arabization which they did want due to their rich history

kharijites

extreme purists of islam that fizzeled out due to extreme expectations (they also killed ali)

abu muslim

led the abbasid revolution

put abbas and al-Mansur in power

Abu al-Abbas

the person selected to be the first khalifa of the abbasid dynasty

battle of great zab river

battle in iraq in 750 ce where the umayyad khalifa was killed and forcefully replaced (no shura opinion) with abbas

al-Saffah

the name abbas was called by bc he was just killing sm (means the slaughterer)

al-Mansur

abbas brother

killed abu muslim

since he took over after abbas, this created the abbasid dynasty

baghdad

a new political capital made by al-Mansur that was a major place for international trade

Haroun al-Rashid

the fourth and most famous khalifa of abbasid dynasty

frankish charlemagne

the first holy roman emperor of the holy roman empire

serfs

subjects that were peasants in the holy roman empire they were basically like slaves

knights

a type of subject in the holy roman empire they protected the serfs as long as they did their work

guilds

they are like organizations for specific things (ex blacksmith academic etc) it was during the holy roman empire and early europe

vassal

owned by a lord in the feudalism system

feudalism

a system of lords owning vassals

historians doubt this system as they say that it oversimplifies a complex society

2nd crusade

during 1146-1149 fredrick barbarossa tried to capture jerusalem for europe but it failed but he got respect

fairs

opportunities for trade between places during early europe

they were protected at a price

3rd crusade

fredrick barbarossa went with england and france bc they were united by language and culture (also they were stronger than the holy roman empire) he took money from the jews (bc apparently they got attacked during the second one and fredrick was like if u don’t want that to happen again pay up)

he gets a huge army and defeated the seljuk turks but drowns cause he tried to swim in his armor

his army melted away bc feudalism is fragile

franks

in the time of the holy roman empire they were the germanic people

golden horn

the natural harbor that the city of byzantium had

bosporus

the sea or water way that byzantium had control over

the aegean sea

a sea that byzantium had control over

constantine

the first christian roman empire that created casearopapism

constaninople

constantine (emperor) made the capital city byzantium but changed the name to…

caesaropapism

policy made by constantine

its where the emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played a active role in christian affairs

justinian

created the codification of roman law that is the definitive codification of roman law

theodora

justinians wife

hagla sophia

means holy wisdom, it was created by justinian and although the building turned into a mosque later it is importnat part of christian architecture

ravenna city

after justinians death forces had to leave rome due to insufficient resources but they made this specific city on the coast of italy their headquarter of byzantine authority in the western mediterranean

greek fire

advanced military tech made by byzantine empire to fight of islamic forces

it was an effective incendiary weapon burned in the water and was hard to put out

theme system

a general is given authority of an imperial province (called a theme) and is responsible for its military defense and civil administration but the emperor would colony monitor to prevent decentralization

procopius

a byzantine historian that brought silk (which was incredibly important and a main contributor to the byzantine economy) from china to byzantine empire

bezant

a byzantine gold coin

this was the standard currency used in the western mediterranean from the 6-12th century

heavy plow

it was a new innovation (agricultural tool) in western europe that contributed to increased agricultural production

hippodrome

a theatre in constantinople

eastern orthodox

the type of christianity that is followed in the byzantine empire

patriarch

the religious leader for byzantine empire

roman catholic

the type of christianity followed by western europe

pope

the religious leader of western europe

papal primacy

a rule made by pope george one that means that the bishop of rome/the pope has ultimate authority

iconoclasm

the policy made by emperor leo three that said that having christian pictures and statues were idolatry so they’re banned now

monasticism

grew out of efforts for devout christians to lead holier lives

asceticism

severe self discipline for religious reasons