Roman Art quiz 3

“Green Caesar” (Altes Antikensammlung Berlin) 41 cm, green slate, 1st c. BC

-differing from Pompeyus

-steering away from verism like alexander

-trying to show realism of himself

Denarius of Caesar ca 47-46 BC

-Shows aeneas, a survivor of the trojan side of trojan war, who brings his family with him

-goes down a long, tortured journey to get to where the gods want him

-started the Julio family line

Rome-Forum of Julius Caesar 46 BC

-has an image of Venus Genetrix, Aeneas’s mother, who started the julio line

-Caesar wants people to know his power

divi filius

-Caesar divi filius (“caesar, son of the god”)

-Ocatvian wants people to know his relationship with Caesar

-Ocatvian has caesar declared divine

Denarius of Octavius 41 BC

Caesar’s death

-Octavian needs to demonstrate authority

“Octavian” Type (ca 35-29 BC)

-No longer in morning

-cloak of a military commander

-looking away

-Actium type

-still in commander type

-Octavian beats anthony and cleopatra showing him as strong to better is reputation

-has a little crab-claw lock of hair in order for people to tell it is him

Meroe Augustus (27-25 BC)

-lines up when Octavian is becoming Augustus 

-When Octavian declared Rome is restored

-This will remain his image for as long as people produce images of Agustus 

-uses an idealizing style which ignores the hellenistic period

-gets inspiration from the classical period

-classicism wants a perfect reality: built on an eternal youthful state

-Augustus believes that Apollo is his personal friend (Apollo is forever youthful which makes Augustus seem more normal for being young and sickly)

head on front, shield with stick and bird on back)

Recovery of the Parthian Standards (20 BC)

-Signis receipts (denarius minted 19 BC)

-saying Augustus is a manly man

Via Labicana Augustus (after 12 BC)

-primus inter pares (the first among equals) (he is the first but other are equal)

-wants to show he is powerful, but also wants to seem modest

-capite velato: prepared for sacrifice

-modesty ties in nicely with his youngness

 pontifex maximus: Augustus has achieved top ranking priest hood

Mausoleum of Augustus (32-28 BC)

-dyanistic 

-outside of city center 

-integrate various spaces into a large complex for a political effect

-speaks on collective roman identity but mainly a constructed world view with Augustus as the ruler

Horologium of Augustus 10 BC

-A sundial

-imperial worldview statement showing monumentality and importance of julio-claudian line

Ara Pacis Augustae 13-9 BC, Rome

-shows that Augustus has brought peace back to the roman world

-public blood rituals 

-surrounded by screen which carries friezes that tell the story of Augustus and his family

-use death to display events of your life

the Aeneas portrait in Ara Pacis Augustae 13-9 BC

-bearded figure has capite velato meaning he is ready for sacrifice

-wearing a toga which means he is a roman citizen 

-a heroic drapery of toga

-on the left they are bringing objects for sacrifice 

-the convergent lines all point the the right man so he is the most important 

-a historic statement about the julio family line with Aeneas

-Shows that Aeneas is a person who can be counted on to show his duty

-Pius Aeneas (Pietas): does their expected duties to gods, state, family (etc) unfailingly, no matter what

Tellus in Ara Pacis Augustae 13-9 BC

-devine female embodiment of the land of italy

-one is seated on goose: land breeze because of flowing drapery 

-one is seated on sea monster: sea breeze

-fertility, abundance, successful reproduction

Close to the notion of peace which is what the altar is dedicated to

--The ara Pacis focuses on that peace and conflict go hand in hand

-since war is over, fertility can be returned to land

-Agustus doesn’t just win and do a victory celebration, he wins and restores peace to the land permanently

-The botanical frieze throughout the work of Ara Pacis Augustae 13-9 BC

-focuses on fertility, it is very vegetal   

-had very bright coloration 

Altar of Peace in Ara Pacis Augustae 9 BC

-family matters: Agustus wants everyone to know his family is Rome’s future

M. Vipsanius A Grippa:

In the altar of peace, Augustas’s son in law

-Augustas:

A fixture of convergent lines on him, elevated, all to focus attention on him

Augustus and the Lares (2 BC Forum of Augustus)

Augustus creates many new neighborhoods and low-level neighborhood administrative

-suggests that there is some success in the state program

-located where streets cross in a neighborhood

Livia Drusilla (58 BC- AD 29) aka Livia Augusta 

Where?

-family should be faithful and reproduce

-propper civic women

-motrona: matron; complimentary term for Roman women

-female head of household with children, has spouse 

-Nodus: hairstyle, an image that Roman women want to replicate

-include family members in the way augustas is viewed

Corinth- Caius Caesar (20 BC- 4 AD)

-Augustus grandson

-Athlete body

-static, ageless, physical perfection

-Similar to Augustus portraits, to connect him to Augustus

Corinth- Lucius Caesar (17 BC -  AD 2)

-athletes body

-represented as a twin to Caius

Livia with tiberius

-Tiberius is distempered 

-doesn’t really want to rule 

-Tiberius has no real relationship with Augustus, making the Julio-claudian line

-not great for the Julio line

Arsinoe (Fayum) Tiberius: “adoption type” after AD 4 (copenhagen)

-hair less done then augustus 

-flat face

-less visually appealing 

-pursed mouth- slightly sour face

Tiberius: seated statue from Caere; ca AD 25-50 

-elites have founded a new theatre building with statues of members of the elite family

-Tiberius doesn’t really care about his image creation, so he has someone else do it

Gemma Augustea (Vienna) dates in the range of AD 10-20

-shows members of the imperial family in the top register

-shows roman army in the world in the bottom register 

-1 is augustus: he is the focal point

-9 is the capricorn, augustus’s sign which is how you know it is augustus 

-10 is imperial eagle 

-Augustus is the center of celestial, surrounded by gods (2 is roma, 6 is italia etc)

-tiberius is 7, he is the bringer of victory (he is in chariot)

Boscoreale cup II -triumph of Tiberius (ca AD 10-20)

-suggests local elite ownership of the villa, not state imperial

Left shows a triumph parade

-reinforce the ideas the divinity of augustus and the military victories of tiberius

Grand Camee de France AD 23

Cabinet des Medailles

-tells the next stage of the julio-claudian story

-the top register shows celestial

-imperial art is repetitive which is good if you want to display a constructed message 

-the state has a key part to play in display authority

-lacks creativity buck instead uses repetition to reinforce to the viewer how important the imperial family is

-a tool of understanding that the viewer gets the message 

Caius (Caligula) (AD 37-41) (new york)

-take over after tiberius 

-insane sex fein

-everyone hates him

-he gets assassinated

-recognizably julio-claudian

Portrait of Caius, from Asia Minor AD 37

-different hair style

-he has a pattern in his hair

Caius honors Divus Augustus?

-honoring a temple for augustus that caius installed

-caius is a horrible person is he really doing good things

Claudius (ca AD 40-50) not right image

-After caius

-When caius dies claudius is horrified they will kill him to, however they declare him as emperor 

-his family thought he was unfit to rule due to physical incapacities 

-claudius also has julio-claudian features

Claudian relief of the imperial family?

-Claudius needs to remind people of his ancestry

Claudius as jupiter (ca AD 50)

-augustus didn’t want to appear to the god

-suggests shifting attitudes towards people displaying themselves as gods

River adle at rendham - copper alloy head of the emperor Nero or Claudius

-shows regional variation of imperial leaders

-ears and hairstyle are julio-claudian which is combined with an abstracted face which will dominate rome for centuries

Gemma claudia; AD 49 (vienna)

-represents fertility (cornucopia)

-endorsement of claudius because eagle is facing claudius

Nero - youth portrait (ca AD 50)

-show Nero as a possible holder of power in youth

-different than Julio-Claudian typography

-entering into adulthood as seen by his drapes

Nero and Agrippina the Younger (AD 54)

-no such thing as joint rule between mother and son but that is what is happening

Nero Youth/ accession type (ca AD 55-59) (cagliari)

-chin is very different from julio-claudian type

-shows he is not biologically related

Nero - adult type (after AD 55)

-his face becomes fuller

-hair becomes longer

-not clean shaven

-his locks have a new pattern

-his hair looks like rays- makes you think of divinity 

-Nero competes in sacred games (singing) and wins every time

-channeling the god Apollo in a flamboyant way

aphrodisias (Caria)- Sebasteion 1st c AD

-monetized by local elites interests

-has columns and on top of which are panels

-elites of the provinces understand the essence of the image program

-”Algiers Relief” Forum augustus (2 BC)

-Center is mars, left is Venus, right is caesar

Augustus of Primaporta (after AD 14?)

-demonstrates an unchanging portrait of Augustus (augustus in the beginning)

-private consumption

-head is the meroe type

-Return of the Parthian standards- 20 BC: standards are what he is wearing on his chest to go to war

-diplomatic victory message of augustus getting standards back

-the roman is clean shaving and the Parthian is bearded and wearing pants (pants = barbarian)