AP2 Final Lecture Review

Upper respiratory Organs

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

Lower Respiratory Organs

Larynx, trachea, bronchi & branches, lungs & alveoli

Order of Gas exchange

Trachea, bronchi, bronchius, alveoli, ALVEOLUS

Respiratory System Functions

1. supply body with O2 for cellular respiration

2. Dispose CO2 (waste)

4 processes of Respiration

1. Pulmonary Ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs (resp.)

2. External Respiration: gas exchange between lungs & blood (resp.)

3. Transport of gases in blood (circulatory)

4. Internal respiration: exchange of gases between blood vessels & tissues (circulatory)

Nose Functions

airway for respiration, moistens & warms air, filters air, speech, olfactory receptors

2 regions of Nose & Paranasal sinuses

External Nares & Nasal cavity

Function of Conchae/nasal cavity

filter air going in

Rhinitis

inflamed nasal mucosa causing hay fever/seasonal allergy; spread from nose to throat to chest

Pharynx

connects nasal cavity & mouth to larynx & esophagus; skeletal muscle

Pharynx’s 3 regions

Naso, Oro, laryngopharynx

Adenoids

aka Pharyngeal tonsil

Inflamed adenoids

blocked air passage in nasopharynx & breath through mouth (air isn’t properly warmed/filtered before reaching lungs)

2 zones of lower respiratory system:

1. Respiratory zone: alveoli (site of gas exchange)

2. Conducting zone (transports gas to & from alveoli)

Laryngitis

inflammation of vocal folds causing swelling, hoarseness & whisper; caused by viral & bacterial infection & irritating chemicals

Smoking destroys

Cilia

Smokers with respiratory congestion should

avoid meds that inhibit cough reflex

Root

site of vascular & bronchial attachment

Costal Surface

Anterior, lateral & posterior surfaces

Apex

superior tip

Base

inferior surface

Right Lung

Superior, middle & inferior lobe

Left Lung

just superior & inferior lobe

What does water in lungs mean?

Pleural cavity is blocked

Compliance

Increase volume, lower pressure & air goes in

Pleurisy

inflammation of pleurae that often comes from pneumonia (stabbing pain with breath, excessive fluid & pressure on lungs)

2 Phases of Pulmonary Ventilation

1. Inspiration (gas flow into lungs)

2. Expiration (gas exits lungs)

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

Respiratory & Circulatory coupling

Perfusion =

blood flow

Ventilation =

amount of gas

PO2 controls

perfusion

PCO2 controls

ventilation

Changes in Alveoli’s PO2 changes the

diameter of arteries (high = dilate; low = constrict)

Pleuricity

Water in lungs

Atelectasis

lung collapses due to alveoli collapse or pneumothorax

Pneumothorax

air in pleural cavity

Lung Compliance

measure of change in lung volume that occurs with given change in transpulmonary pressure (lung stretch)

2 reasons why lung compliance is high

1. Distensibility of lung tissue

2. Surfactant

Distensibility

stretch ability

Surfactant

decreases surface tension

Emphysema

damaged alveoli, causing shortness of breath

People with emphysema lack ___ and ___

surfactant and take surfaxin / survanta

Main function of Surfactant:

lower surface tension

Surface Tension

tendency of liquid surfaces to minimize spread

Tidal Volume

volume of air inhaled & exhaled in one breath

Dead Space volume

volume of air that remains in airways & doesn’t participate in gas exchange

Vital Capacity

maximum volume that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

volume of air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume

volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal volume

Residual Volume

volume of air remaining in lungs, even after a forceful maximal expiration (measured by spirometer)

Anatomical dead space

doesn’t contribute to gas exchange (air remaining in passageways)

Alveolar Dead space

space occupied by nonfunctional alveoli

Total dead space

sum of both anatomical & alveolar dead space

Minute Ventilation

amount of gas going in/out of resp. tract in a minute

Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)

flow of gases in/out of alveoli during a particular time

Oxygen Toxicity

happens when PO2 (partial oxygen pressure) is greater than 2.5-3 atm

Oxygen Toxicity can result in

CNS disturbances, coma & death

Thickness of Respiratory Membrane increases a lot if lungs become…

waterlogged & edematous (ex: pneumonia or left heart failure)

2 parts to Digestive System

1. Alimentary Canal

2. Accessory Digestive organs

Alimentary canal

includes GI tract/gut (tube)

Functions of Alimentary Canal

digestion & absorption

Organs in Alimentary Canal

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, both intestines & anus

Accessory Digestive Organs

Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver & pancreas

Liver’s main function

detoxification/cleanse

Pancreas produces

insulin & glucagon for sugar & digestive enzymes

Order of insulin production

Pancreas to liver then blood

Ingestion

eating

Propulsion

movement of food through alimentary canal; includes swallowing & peristalsis

Peristalsis

muscles contracting & relaxing to move food down digestive tract

GI tract activities:

1. mechanical breakdown

2. Digestion

3. Absorption

4. Defecation

Splanchnic Circulation

network consisting of Gastric, small intestinal, colonic, pancreatic, hepatic & splenic

Hepatic Portal circulation Order

Heart, Organ 1, Organ 2 (liver), heart

GI Tract’s own nervous system

Enteric nervous system (aka Gut brain)

The enteric nervous system has

more neurons than spinal cord

Gut brain is made up of

Enteric Neurons

Enteric Neurons are a

major nerve supply to GI tract wall, controlling motility

Short Reflexes

controlled by enteric nerve plexuses (gut brain) & react to stimuli INSIDE GI tract

Long Reflexes

react to stimuli from inside or out the gut; involve the autonomic nervous system

Parasympathetic

enhances digestion

Sympathetic

inhibits digestion

Inflamed Parotid Glands =

Mumps

Intrinsic controls

short reflexes (enteric nervous system)

Extrinsic controls

long reflexes (autonomic nervous system)

Salivary Gland functions

cleanses, compacts dissolves & moistens

Xerostomia

reduced salivary flow, dry mouth, dental caries (tooth decay)

Most salivary glands include

parotid, submandibular & sublingual

Parotid location

anterior to ear

submandibular location

medial to body of mandible

Sublingual location

under tongue

Salivary glands are made of 2 secretory cells:

1. Serous cells (produce water secretion)

2. Mucous cells (produce mucus)

Halitosis

bad breath due to decomposing food particles

Kidney Functions

regulate water vol, ion concentrations, acid-base balance, excretes metabolic waste, produces EPO & RENIN

Erythropoieten

regulates RBC production

Renin

regulates BP

Kidney also helps in activating

Vitamin D & glucogenesis

Glucogenesis

process turns fat into energy

3 phases of urine production

Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

sits on top of each kidney

Adrenal Gland

Adrenal gland function

Control Heart Rate, BP, sodium & potassium in blood

Renal Hilum

located on concave medial side & is entry/exit point for all wiring