Anatomy Exam 1 Shobnom Auburn University

Flow of organism

atoms-->molecules-->organelle-->cellular level-->tissue level-->organ level-->organ system-->organism

Homeostasis

the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment, regardless of outside changes

Anatomy

"to cut apart", study of structure of body parts and relationships to each other

Physiology

study of function of the body parts, how they work together

Hippocrates

a greek physician credited for separating a disease from superstition

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy (Branches of Anatomy)

study of large visible structures such as stomach, lungs or heart

Microscopic Anatomy (branches of Anatomy)

study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye and are studied using a microscope (i.e. cytology, histology, etc.)

Histology

study of tissues

Cytology

study of cells

Developmental Anatomy (Branches of Anatomy)

study of structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

Embryology (Branches of Anatomy)

study of developments before birth

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy (Branches of Anatomy)

studies of large body structures such as stomach, lungs, or heart

systemic anatomy (branches of anatomy)

branch of anatomy studying as a cardiologist (specialist)

Regional Anatomy (branches of Anatomy)

branch of anatomy studying the ear, nose, and throat (specialist)

Radiological Anatomy (branches of Anatomy)

study of anatomy using non-invasive image technology

CT Scan (Computed Tomography)

uses x-rays passed through body in this cross sections (3D)

Ultra Sound

uses waves that are then reflected/scattered when they hit something and are then analyzed by a computer to generate 2D/3D images, very safe but not good for looking at structures surrounded by bone

erect

forward

upwards

Body position that is standing _____, facing ____, upper limbs hanging to the sides, palms facing up _______ is an Anatomic position.

Anatomical

anytime you refer to a subjects position always assume ____ position

Supine

Body position in which subject is laying on back face up

Prone

Body position in which subject is lying on belly face down

Superior (Cranial) (Directional Term)

Orientation/Directional term: cranial, toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body, above

superior

what directional term fits with this example:

the shoulder is _____ to the pelvis

inferior

what directional term fits with this example:

the abdomen is ______ to the neck

Inferior (Caudal-tail) (Directional Term)

Orientation/Directional term: away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body, below

Ventral (Anterior) (Directional Term)

toward or at the front of the body, in front of

Dorsal (Posterior) (Directional Term)

toward or at the back of the body, behind

Medial (Directional Term)

toward or at the midline of the body, on the inner side of

Lateral (Directional Term)

away from the midline of they body, on the outer side of

Intermediate (Directional Term)

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal (Directional Term)

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal (Directional Term)

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (External) (Directional Term)

toward or at the body surface

Deep (Internal) (Directional Term)

away from the body surface, more internal

Bilateral (Directional Term)

2 sided, affecting both sides equally (humans), symmetrical about our midline

Ipsilateral (Directional Term)

located on same side of the body, right and left leg

Contralateral (Directional Term)

on opposite side, right arm and left leg (right and left arm)

anterior

what directional term fits with this example:

the breastbone is ____ to the spine.

posterior

what directional term fits with this example:

the heart is _____ to the breastbone.

medial

what directional term fits with this example:

the heart is _____ to the arm.

lateral

what directional term fits with this example:

the arms are _____ to the chest.

intermediate

what directional term fits with this example:

the collarbone is ______ between the breastbone and shoulder.

distal

what directional term fits with this example:

the knee is _____ to the thigh.

superficial

what directional term fits with this example:

the skin is ______ to the skeletal muscles

deep

what directional term fits with this example:

the lungs are ____ to the skin.

axial- head neck trunk

appendicular- appendages/limbs

what are the 2 main REGIONS of the body?

saggital, frontal, and transverse

what are the 3 body PLANES the body can be divided into?

Axial (Body Regions and Planes)

what region of the body consists of the head, neck, trunk?

proximal

what directional term fits with this example:

the elbow is _____ to the wrist.

Appendicular (Body Regions and Planes)

what region of the body consists of the appendages/limbs?

Sagittal Plane

vertical plane that divides the body in right and left halves, midsagittal-equal, parasagittal-unequal

Frontal Plane

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

Transverse Plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

dorsal and ventral

What are the 2 main body cavities?

Dorsal Body Cavity

body cavity that contains cranial cavity (in the skull and contains the brain) and vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord)

Ventral Body Cavity

body cavity that is divided into two main cavities (thoracic and abdominopelvic) separated by the diaphragm

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

what two cavities make up the ventral body cavity?

Thoracic Cavity (included in ventral body cavity)

this body cavity is superior to diaphragm, contains heart and lungs

A). pleural cavities (2)- contains lungs

B). mediastinum- contains pericardial cavity which encloses the heart

contains the heart and lungs and is superior to the diaphragm

what organs do the thoracic cavity contain and what is it superior to?

lungs

what organs does the pleural cavities (2) of the thoracic cavity contain?

mediastinum

what cavity within the thoracic cavity contains the pericardial cavity that encloses the heart?

Abdominopelvic Cavity (included in ventral body cavity)

inferior to diaphragm, 2 parts NOT separated by muscle or membrane

A). abdominal cavity (superior portion)- houses stomach, intestine, spleen, liver, other organs

B). pelvic cavity (inferior portion)- lies in pelvis, houses urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum

abdominal cavity (superior portion)

what body cavity within the abdominopelvic cavity houses the stomach, intestine, spleen, liver and other organs?

pelvic cavity (inferior portion)

what body cavity within the abdominopelvic cavity houses the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum?

Serosa (serous membrane)

thin, double-layered membrane, lines walls of ventral body cavity and outer surfaces of organs

visceral- covers organs

parietal-lines cavity walls

______ serosa covers organs and ______ series lines cavity walls.

Pleurisy/Peritonitis (serous membrane)

a condition that causes roughening of pleurae or peritoneum, causes organs to stick together and drag across one another, very painful

Pleurisy

inflammation of pleura(e)

Peritonitis

inflammation of periotneum

pleural- pleura

pericardial- pericardium

abdominopelvic- peritoneum

visceral/parietal serosa is called in:

pleural cavity: visceral/parietal _____

pericardial cavity: visceral/parietal ______

abdominopelvic cavity: visceral/parietal _______.

Red Blood Cells (specialized cell)

specialized cell: small, no nucleus, biconcave disc

Cell theory: the basic structural and functional unit of the body is the cell

1. how well the entire organism functions depends on individual and combined activities of all of its cells

2. structure and function are complementary

3. continuity of life has cellular basis (cells can only arise from other cells)

what are the three principles of cell theory?

plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

what are the 3 basic parts of the human cell?

Skeletal Muscle Cell (specialized cell)

specialized cell: cylindrical, multi-nucleated, long

Neuron (specialized cell)

specialized cell:

-cell body wth axon and dendrites

-neuron may not be detectable to human eye but can have an axonal process one meter long

Sperm Cell (specialized cell)

specialized cell: flagellated

Plasma Membrane (function)

acts as an active barrier separating intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)

Plasma Membrane (structure)

consists of membrane lipids that form a FLEXIBLE lipid bilayer, specialized membrane proteins float through this fluid membrane, resulting in constantly changing patterns a.k.a fluid mosaic

fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

the idea that specialized membrane proteins float through this fluid membrane, resulting in constantly changing patterns of the plasma membrane

cell junctions

membrane structures help to hold cells together through ____ _____.

Nucleus

DNA containing control center

blood cells and sperm cells

what are some examples of cells that are "free" (not bound to any other cells)?

lipid

proteins "float" within the liquid _____ bilayer contributing to the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane

Head: Hydrophilic (polar)

Tail: Hydrophobic (nonpolar)

the head of the phospholipid on the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is nonpolar/hydrophobic or polar/hydrophilic? the fatty acid tail?

lipid rafts (20%)

_____ _____ are located on the outer membrane of the plasma membrane, may act as receptors for protein binding and have dynamic assembly of saturated phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol

integral and peripheral proteins

what are the two types of plasma membrane proteins that make up 50% of the mass of the plasma membrane and allow cell communication w/ environment?

phospholipids

glycolipids

cholesterol

Lipid bilayer made up of:

- 75% _______

- 5% ______ - lipids w/ sugars on outer membrane surface

- 20% _____- increases membrane stability, reduces fluidity

integral plasma membrane proteins

_____ plasma membrane proteins are embedded in lipid bilayer and are TRANSMEMBRANE (stick out on both sides of membrane)

- some can stick out from one side of membrane only

-transport (channels, carrier proteins)

-receptors (bind substances/relay messages)

-enzymes (speed up rxns)

-cell junctions (secure cells to each other)

-cell identity (signatures on cell that give it specific identity via glycoproteins)

what are 5 functions of integral OR peripheral plasma membrane proteins? (both have same functions)

Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton

material between plasma membrane and nucleus, contains cytosol and organelles

tight junctions, desmosomes(anchoring junction), gap junctions

what are the 3 different cell junctions of integral plasma membrane proteins?

tight junctions

integral proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse and keep substances from passing b/w epithelial cells of digestive tract

Desmosomes(anchoring junctions)

this type of cell junction acts like velcro; between cells in tissues under mechanical stress like the skin and heart

Gap junctions (communicating junctions)

this type of cell junction allows communication b/w cells; Used to spread ions, simple sugars, or other small molecules b/w cells and found in electrical excitable tissue (smooth muscle, heart)

glycoprotein

short chain sugars attached to proteins to give a protein their specific identity

Glycocalyx

Every cell has this pattern of "sugar coating"- sugars (carbohydrates) sticking out of cell surface-- some are attached to lipids (glycolipids) and some are attached to proteins (glycoprotein) and function as specific biological markers for cell-to-cell recognition and allows immune system to recognize self v. non self

Lysosomes

organelle in cells, "cleaning crew", breaks down waste

Mitochondria

organelle responsible for cellular respiration and contains its own DNA

Ribosomes

organelle responsible for producing proteins

Rough ER

organelle responsible for protein synthesis and packaging