ARCH 3460 Final Review!!

all modules in one <3

Type FBS: Facing Brick Standard

Brick Type

• general use

• wide color/texture range

• greater variation in size

Type FBX: Facing Brick Extra Control

Brick Type

• mechanically perfect

• general use

• narrower color/texture range

• minimal variation permitted

Type FBA: Facing Brick Aesthetic Criteria

Brick Type

• considerable non-uniformity for variety in design

• architectural featured bricks

Veneer Wall Assembly Arrangement

1. Structure Frame

2. Water Barrier/Flashing

3. Air Gap (larger gap, less water making it thru)

4. Brick Veneer

Stone Material Type: Granite

Stone Material Type:

• high strength

• difficult workability

Stone Material Type: Marble

Stone Material Type:

• slippery

• medium strength

• doesn’t like direct sun

  • color change

  • warping

Stone Material Type: Slate

Stone Material Type:

• low strength

• roof shingles

Stone Material Type: Limestone

Stone Material Type:

• varied strength

• easy to work with

Insulation Type: Expanded Polystyrene Foam Board (EPS)

Insulation Type:

• closed rigid foam of plastic → molding process

• advantage: relatively cheap, good in dry air

• disadvantage: combustible, higher moisture absorption/bad in humidity

• R 3.6-4.2

Insulation Type: Extruded Polystyrene Foam Board (XPS)

Insulation Type:

• closed rigid foam plastic → extrusion process

• advantage: resistant to moisture, sustainable for protected membrane roof system, good R-Value

• disadvantage: combustible

• R 5

• dense

Insulation Type: Polyisocyanurate (ISO)

Insulation Type:

• faced panels → impacts performance

• advantage: durable, good R-Value, creates exterior vapor barrier as sheathing, good fire resistance

• disadvantage: expensive, environmentally harmful manufacturing

• R 8

Insulation does…

keeps weather/temperature out

Vapor Barrier does…

prevents moisture from damaging assembly

Vapor Barrier is placed…

closer to heat

Relative Humidity

amount of moisture in air compared to what the air can “hold” at a certain temperature

dew point

when relative humidity is 100%, vapor condenses

Cellulose Fiber Board

• rigid, low density wood board or vegetable fiber + binder

• advantage: economical

• disadvantage: low insulation efficiency

• R 2.8

Roof Assembly Arrangement

1. water proofing

2. substructure

   1. usually plywood, supports weight

3. studs

4. vapor barrier

5. ceiling finish

Roof Finish: Zinc/Aluminum Zinc

Roof Finish:

• weather resistant

Roof Finish: Asphalt Shingles

Roof Finish:

• common

• cheap

• good resistance

• easy to replace

Green Roof Benefits

• heat absorption/reflection

• water evaporation from soil → reduces temperature

• reduces heat transfer

• acts as insulation for building → reduces cooling demand

Green Roof: Filter Mat

Green Roof:

• between greenery and drainage

• holds soil in place

• helps flow water

Green Roof: Drainage Layer

Green Roof:

• filters water

• spongey

Green Roof: Protective Layer

Green Roof:

• between green roof and water proofing system

• extra water protection

Green Roof Assembly

1. vegetation layer

2. substrate

3. roof

   1. filter mat

   2. drainage layer

   3. protective layer

4. waterproofing membrane

5. insulation layer

6. roof deck

Punched Window

window frame + glazing, can be fixed or operable

Operable Window Type: Awning

Operable Window Type:

• swings out from TOP

• moderate weather protection when open

• egress possible w special kit

• can’t be next to walkways

Operable Window Type: Casement

Operable Window Type:

• swings outward or inward from SIDE

• poor weather protection when open

• egress possible

• outward swing can’t be next to walkways

Operable Window Type: Hopper

Operable Window Type:

• swings in from BOTTOM

• good weather protection when open

• egress possible w special kit

Operable Window Type: Pivoted

Operable Window Type:

• swings from CENTER

• poor weather protection when open

• egress difficult unless large unit

Curtain Wall

non-structural, lightweight exterior window

Storefront

operable window panels: swing door, bypass door, pocket door, folding door

tempered glass for safety

Window Frames: Wood

Window Frames:

• not very common

• warmth in color

• paintable

• good insulation

• easily expands and contracts

• requires regular maintanence

Window Frames: Plastic Frame

Window Frames:

• more common

• doesn’t need painting

• good thermal resistance

• not very stiff nor strong

• PVC

• supports lightweight glass

• thick profile

Window Frames: Aluminum Frame

Window Frames:

• strong, easy to form and join

• less vulnerable to moisture damage

• attractive profiles and colors

• durable factory finishes

• requires thermal breaks to reduce heat flow bc metal is a good conductor

• more expensive

• common in large buildings

• can make thin profile

R-Value

• hours needed for 1 Btu to pass thru when deltaT=1

• measures thermal resistance

• higher = better insulation

• thicker, better resistance

U-Value

• measures rate of heat transfer

• 1/R

• lower = better insulated

Glass Material: Spandrel Glass w insulation panel

Glass Material:

• continuous profile

• ceramic cladding

Glass Material: Custom Made Glass Block

Glass Material:

• cinematic blur effect

Glass Material: Laminate Glass

Glass Material:

• structure glass

• sandwich template

• can be decorative

Glass Material: Channel Glass

Glass Material:

• bracket shape

• translucent insulation inside

Glass Material: Fritted Glass

Glass Material:

• printed patern over glass

Glass Material: Slumping Window

Glass Material:

• curved glass

• heated, bent, fast cooling

Plastic Material

Material that is

• high performance, can have different properties

• typically applied to imitate other materials’ properties

• ETFE: Ethylene Tetra Fluoro Ethylene → bubble

• Pleated Panel

• Polycarbonate cladding

Wood Stud Nominal Size 2×4 and 2×6

Wood Stud Actual Size 1.5×3.5 and 5.5

Wood Stud Nominal Size 2×8, 2×10, 2×12

Wood Stud Actual Size: 1.5×7.25, 1.5×9.25, 1.5×11.25

Three Es

effective, efficient, expressive

Five S Words

Strength, Stiffness, Stability, Suitability, Shape

S Word: Strength

S Word: ability resist forces w/o breaking

S Word: Stiffness

S Word: resistance to deformation under loads

S Word: Stability

S Word: ability to maintain equilibrium and resist collapse

S Word: Suitability

S Word: appropriateness for function and design

S Word: Shape

S Word: geometric form, influences load distribution and efficiency

S Words: Materiality

S Words: Strength and Stiffness

S Words: Configuration

S Words: Stability and Suitability

Variable: Fa

Variable: Allowable Stress

Variable: P

Variable: Force

Variable: A

Variable: Cross Sectional Area

Structural Typology

• classification of structures based on form, load bearing behavior, and construction principles

• way to systematically analyze and compare different types of structures according to geometric and functional characteristics

Structural Typology Example: Yale Center for British Arts, Louis Kahn

Structural Typology Example: Section Active

Structural Typology Example: Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton

Structural Typology Example: Vector Active

Structural Typology Example: Dymaxion House, Buckminster Fuller

Structural Typology Example: Form Active

Structural Typology Example: Vault Grand Central, Rafael Gaustavino

Structural Typology Example: Surface Active

Structural Typology Example: Sears Tower, SOM

Structural Typology Example: Moment Frame

Tributary

Horizontal flow of loads

Hooke’s Law

sigma = Ee

Hooke’s Law Variable: sigma

Hooke’s Law Variable: stress

Hooke’s Law Variable: E

Hooke’s Law Variable: Young’s Modulus → Stiffness

Hooke’s Law Variable: e

Hooke’s Law Variable: strain

Elastic Range

• stress and strange → linear

• pre-yield point

• deformation reversable

Allowable Stress

• where we know how material will respond

• easier to calculate

• prevents permanent deformation

Yield Point

• elastic to plastic

• permanent deformation begins

Ultimate Strength

• ultimate tensile strength

• max stress material can withstand

• necking begins

Fracture Point

• stress decreases

• complete structural failure

Strain Equation

E = f/s or E = (P/A)(L/e)

Strain Equation Variable: E

Strain Equation Variable: elasticity

Strain Equation Variable: f

Strain Equation Variable: stress

Strain Equation Variable: s

Strain Equation Variable: strain

elongation / change in length and P(load) relationship

proportional

Span of wood/light steel

8’-10’ grid

Span of steel/concrete long span

20’-30’ grid

External Constraints

• scale

• height/volume

• code

• site

• program

Internal Constraints

• ideology

• form

• volume

• proportion

• grids

• organization

• structural systems

vector

system that carries load thru axial forces in linear elements

• ex: truss, space frame

vector active members carry

tension and compression with very little bending along the direction of the member

space frame characteristics

• 3D system

• short linear members connected at nodes

• distributes loads in multiple directions

• very large column free spans

• lightweight

• complex geometries

• repeating modular construction

moment frame

beams and columns are rigidly connected to resist lateral forces thru bending moments, very flexible and ductile

moment connection characteristics

• rigid structural joint that connects members to transfer bending moments, shear, and axial forces while preventing rotation

• often called “fixed” connections, angles between members is constant

• typically steel

• provides stability against lateral loads, wind, and seismic forces

form active structures characteristics

• form based on efficient way of resolving forces

• no bending

• limits on materials

• has thrust

thrust reactions and arch depth relationship

inverse relationship

form active examples

• arch

• suspension

• membrane

• pneumatic → bubble

typical arch failure

• form doesn’t match forces

• sideways forces

• thrust failure

arch strategies

• foundation arch

• tie back/tied arch

• buttressed arch + additional weight

• arches in series + buttresses

where should the thrust line be in an arch?

middle 1/3rd

why use cables?

• resist thru form

• large column free volumes of spaces

• materially efficient → large span

• connection between materiality and form → optimize thinness

• adaptable, sustainable, progressive

difficulties w tension structures

• sag → needs height

• multi story impossible

• no flat surfaces

• construction is complicated

• bearing cables not inherently stable

  • load changes → form changes

  • failure catastrophic and instant

• challenges of thrust

  • thrust and sag are inversely related

  • load collecting and stabilizing cables are required

• need to find and define form → hard to analyze

suspended cables

curved lines

cable stayed

straight lines

tensegrity

tensional integrity

• isolated compressive components float w/in continuous network of tensioned elements

• lightweight, strong, distributes stress efficiently