Earth Science

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Hydrosphere

Hydrosphere

The part of the Earth containing all the water in the world.

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

Movement of water around Earth’s surface and subsystems.

Evaporation

Heat coming from the sun causes water to undergo this process:

Vapor

Water is turned into this after the process of evaporation

Transpiration

evaporation of water from the leaves and stems of plants

Sublimation

In high altitudes, ice can directly transform into water vapor in a process called:

Condensation

The change from vapor into liquid or solid

Precipitation

When water droplets or ice crystal in the clouds become large and heavy, this occurs.

Infiltration

Rain that falls into the land surface penetrates the soil in a process called:

Water Budget

It is the total amount of water on Earth.

Residence Time

Average length of time spent by water molecule in a reservoir.

Salinity

It is the saltiness of saltwater

Weathering

Is the in situ disintegration of geologic materials, that releases soluble materials such as sodium, potassium, and sulfur

Surface Layer

consists of relatively warm, low-density water, extends from the ocean surface to a depth of 100m.

Thermocline

The temperature of water decreases rapidly with depth. at high latitudes, the ___________ reaches the surface and extends up to 1500m.

Deep Zone

It is the deepest layer of the ocean, and eighty percent of all water in the ocean is in this ocean zone.

Thermohaline Circulation

In the deep zone, it is a circulation driven by density differences.

Glacier

is a permanent body of ice, which consists largely of recrystallized snow.

Ice Sheet

is a mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50 000 km²

Permafrost

It is a soil, rock, or sediment that is frozen for more than two consecutive years.

Stream

moving body of water that moves downslope towards sea level because of gravity.

Channels

Clearly defined passages where particles and dissolved substances are transported.

River

a stream with considerable volume and a well-defined channel.

Tributaries

A smaller stream connected to form a network

Drainage Basin or Watershed

The land area in which the water flow into a particular stream is called a:

Drainage Divide

The line that separates individual drainage basin is called:

Interfluve

Narrow, elongated landform separating individual streams within a basin is called a:

Overland Flow

During heavy rain, water moves downhill in a process called:

Streamflow

After a short distance, the water enters the channels and becomes:

Lakes

Large inland bodies of fresh or saline water.

Ponds

These are small and shallow lakes.

Dams

barriers constructed along streams to contain the flow of water.

Wetlands

land areas where water covers the surface for significant periods of time.

Marsh

Is a shallow wetland around lakes, streams, and oceans where grasses and reeds are the dominant vegetation.

Swamp

is a wetland with lush trees and vegetation found in low-lying areas beside slow-moving rivers.

Estuary

is a partly enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from stream meets the saltwater from the sea.

Flood

is a natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerged underwater.

Fluvial or riverine flood

occurs when a stream’s discharge is greater than the capacity of the channel, causing the stream to overflow.

Flashflood

intense, high-velocity torrent of water that occurs in an existing river channel with little to no notice.

Coastal Floodings

occurs when water overwhelms in low-lying areas along the coasts.

Pluvial or surface water flood

occurs when heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of an overflowing stream.

Groundwater

freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath earth’s surface.

Aquifer

Water-bearing rock layers akin to a sponge

Porosity

is the total amount of empty pore spaces in the rock. It determines the amount of groundwater that an aquifer can hold.

Permeability

is the ability if the rock or sediments to allow water to pass through it.

Zone of Aeration or Unsaturated Zone

Beneath this is a zone in which the spaces between the particles are filled mainly with air.

Zone of Saturation

This layer beneath the zone of aeration is filled with water.

Water Table

This is the boundary between the two zones of saturation and aeration

Capillary Fringe

This is a layer directly above the water table, wherein groundwater seeps up to fill the pore spaces in the zone of aeration via capillary action.

Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer in which the groundwater is free to rise to it’s natural level.

Confined Aquifer

The water is trapped and held down by pressure between impermeable rocks

Aquiclude

This is the impermeable rock that stops water from rising to it’s natural level.

Artesian Well

This well uses the pressure to force water to rise out of the confined aquifer.

Recharge Zone

The land area where water enters the ground and replenish the groundwater is called the recharge zone.

Discharge Zone

It is the area where the groundwater flows out of the aquifer and onto land surface or even in submarine environment.

Spring

When groundwater emerges to the ground surface naturally, this is formed.

Losing or Influent stream

In this type of stream, the water flows underground and contributes to the groundwater.

Gaining or Effluent Stream

This stream type is fed by groundwater.

Sedimentation

Too much soil and sediments being delivered to streams in a process called:

Acid Mine Drainage

Mining of certain metals have caused surface water to become acidic, producing discharge called

Subsidence

It is the gradual sinking of land caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal

Desalination

It is a process that involves the reduction of the mineral content by taking salt out of seawater and brackish water to produce freshwater.

Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization

ACTO stands for.