fc 22 - percentage yield and atom economy

% yield =

(actual moles of product made/theoretical max moles of product) x 100

100% yield isn’t always achieved because

• there may be side reactions that produce byproducts

• if the reaction is reversible, then not all reactants convert to products

• if there is a limiting factor as one of the reactants

• products may be lost through purification steps and transferring between containers

• if the reaction is very slow it may not have completed

atom economy =

(Mr of desired product/sum of all products) x 100

sustainability

in industry reactions are chosen with high atom economy to reduce the amount of limited resources neede and to reduce the production of waste that may or may not be hazardous