Fall Final Study Guide

Neolithic Revolution

the major change in human life caused by the beginnings of farming; shift from food father to food producing; agricultural revolution (cultivation of basic crops); domestication of animals; end of ice age

civilization

a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology; gives protection; large supply of food; trade

Homo erectus

1.89 million, human-like body proportions, fourth hominid, found in Africa, Asia, and Europe, means upright man, first to develop fire

Catal Huyuk

culture

people’s unique way of life, as shown by its tools, customs, arts, and ideas ; common practices (food, sports, art style, clothing tools, work), shared understanding (language, religion, politics), and social organization (family, class structure, government style, economic style)

cuneiform

system of writing invented by Sumerian scribes, means wedge-shaped, Sumerians used to keep records, pressed into clay tablets to create symbols

Ur

trade

the action of buying and selling goods and services; led to cultural exchange where ideas and goods were exchanged

Paleolithic nomads

people who lived in the Old Stone Age from 2.5 million to 8000 BC, moved around, hunter-gatherer society, used stone and bone tools to kill food, used harpoons and fish hooks, used fire, made clothes from animal skin, developed art that reflected their values — women because of pregnancy, cave paintings, hunted big mammals

hunter-gatherers

nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plants

slash-and-burn farming

farming method that involves cutting trees or grasses and burning them to clear a field

domestication of animals

neolithic age, dogs because they had a good sense of smell and hearing (protection), more animals that were domesticated meant the more diseases and death there was

artisans

skilled workers who make goods by hand

barter

way of trading goods and services without money

bronze age

beginning around 3000 BC, time when people began using brozen instead of stone and copper to fashion tools and weapons

institutions

a long-lasting pattern of organization in a community; ex: government (officials and laws), religion (leaders with religious and political power), education (scribes)

scribes

professional record keepers

irrigation

an advanced technology that led to specialization; helped solve unpredictable flooding and droughts

specialization

the development of skills in a specific kind of work —needed a surplus of food, allowed metal ages to exist, allowed people to focus on specific things

ziggurat

pyramid-shaped monument, means mountain of the gods, originally built to inspire awe of gods and place of worship for citizens, was a social center/market place, government, and temple

homo habilis

more intelligent because of tool use, larger braincase but smaller teeth and face, more human-like, 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago, first to make stone tools, found in East Africa, third hominid

australopithecus afarensis

hip structure allowed bipedal motion, about 2 million years ago, named Lucy, second hominid, first human like creature to walk upright, found in Eastern and Southern Africa

homo neanderthalensis

400,000 to 40,000 years ago, adapted to the cold because they lived in colder regions, larger noise because their hairs and mucus humidifies the air, flowers among remains indicating burial rituals, fairly intelligent meaning they have larger brains, Homo sapiens interacted with them, used tools, fire, and built, found in Europe and Southwest Asia, fifth hominid

ardipithecus ramidus

wrist bends backwards, narrow pelvis, less pronounced dagger canines, lived in the trees and on the ground, first hominid

homo sapiens

evolved in Africa now worldwide, about 200,000 years ago, largest brain size, sixth hominid, created art

Narmer

first king to rule a unified Egypt; created a double crown that was red and white to symbolize a united kingdom; established first Egyptian dynasty, made capital Memphis.

Yu

Sargon

established the world’s first empire, from Persian Gulf to Mediterranean Sea, lasted about 200 years

city-state

A city and its surroundings lands functioning as an independent political unit

Hammurabi

Ruler of Babylonian Empire from 1792 BC to 1750 BC and created the Hammurabi’s Code: recognized that a single uniform of laws could help unify the diverse groups within empire, collection of laws, judgement, and rules, engraved in stone, unified laws for broad areas allowing everyone to understand, signified laws must be followed

Mesopotamia

A plain meaning land between the rivers (The Euphrates and the Tigris). Problems: unpredictable flooding, droughts, no geographical barriers, scarcity of natural resources

akh

spiritual entity that survives death and enters life with god’s; earth into heavens

hieroglyphics

flexible writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds; means sacred carving; earliest Egyptian writing

specialized worker

development of skills for specific kind of work

Hyksos

Nefertiti

Kshatriya

Vedas

Jainism

nirvana

moksha

caste system

originally based on skin color, put every person in society in a class where they could not advance, lack of motivation, effective in keeping social order, rigid and strict, to get people to listen they used fear, positive reinforcement (religion/your soul) — Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra, Untouchables

karma

Siddhartha Gautama

Kamose

Hatshepsut

Akhenaton

Hinduism

Thutmose III

Aryan

middle way

Eight Fold Path

Ramses II

dharma

Buddhism

Co-regent

Megiddo

Tutankhamen

Four Noble Truths

Karnack

Shang

ideogram

2 or more pictures to represent an idea

theocracy

government rule is based on religious authority; ruler is viewed as a divine figure

cultural diffusion

The spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another

Imhotep

dynasty

rule passed down in family over time

monsoons

Seasonal winds in India that shifts in direction at certain times of each year and bring heavy rains or dry weather; from october to February blew dry air from northwest, from June to October blew moisture from southwest; could cause flooding or droughts

Rosetta Stone

Champollion decoded the hieroglyphics, French made a copy of it, had three languages: hieroglyphics, unknown religious language, and ancient Greek

ka

spiritual double of individual; remains on Earth and lives amongst remaining people; needed to rest; needed image for body to rest; allowed individual to have life after death; items left in tomb were for Ka

loess

A fertile deposit of soil blown by winds from deserts to the west and north

Oracle bones

One of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods; used for making a prophecy or prediction

social mobility

empire

agricultural surplus

Mandate of Heaven

monarchy

despot

Dao

Tao Te Ching

analects

Cyrus the Great

monopoly

oligarchy

Nineveh

Sennacherib

filial piety

Darius the Great

Cambyses

Babylon

Nebuchadnezzar

Ashurbanipal

Nabopolassar

Confucianism

Daoism

Legalism

Persians

Assyrians

Lui Bang

Han Wudi

Satrap